Oqtay əFƏNDİyev
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- Bu səhifədəki naviqasiya:
- QONŞU HÖKMDARLAR (XVI ƏSR) Hakimiyyət illəri Osmanlı sultanları
- Krım xanları
- Moğol imperatorları
335 under the banner of Ismail. They had gained great fame as the best and honorable fighters in the troop of Ismail. Ismail entered to Tabriz and was announced as the Shah of Azerbaijan. He could gain the faith and confidence of the people from his first days. During his reign people from Herat to Baghdad mainly spoke in Azeri Turkish. His foreign internal policy served just to the public interests. He carried out wide reforms inland of the country to straighten the foundations of the new state. He paid great attention to the development of art, culture, mastership and took care of the historical monuments and places for pilgrimage. The rapid development of Azerbaijan and its becoming one of the mighty states in the east caused to arise of the fear, envy, caution and other enemy relations against Azerbaijan by the Ottoman Empire and other rival states. Some rival states, feeling envy of the superior advantage of Azerbaijan had been wishing the arising such conflicts between two Muslim countries such as Azerbaijan and Ottoman Empire for ages. To weaken these states the enemy states, especially England gave ottomans a lot of arms and 300 cannons. In such a way the Ottoman Sultan Salim I assembled more than 100 thousand giant troops on the frontier of Azerbaijan and announced the war to Shah Ismail in Chaldiran steppe in 1514. In this war Shah Ismail had not only unequal power, he was also weaker by armament side then the Sultan Salim I. Safavis didn't have any cannons at all. The main power of Safavis was land forces of Qizilbash kins and they were very weak in front of cannons and riflemen. Even so Shah Ismail and his fighters displayed great bravery and courage in this battle. As the thought of writers it is supposed that, the defeat of Qizilbash troop in this battle was the result of Shah Ismail's not consulting with his commanders and being self - assured. But as it was seen from the facts, upside of the page his defeat doesn't connect with his personal features, the main reason is being used the foremost armament, weapons and cannons by the troop of Sultan Salim for his time. The defeat of Azerbaijan in the Chaldiran battle showed its bitter results soon. The Ottoman sultan occupied Khoy, Marand and Tabriz cities but facing with very strong resistance of Qizilbash tribes, couldn't stay there so long. They captured a lot of wealth from the pillaged places and at the same time captivated many craftsmen of Azerbaijan. Afterwards these craftsmen played great role in the development of craftsmanship in the Ottoman Turkey. After Chaldiran battle for his ten year life Shah Ismail spent the rest of his act to strengthen and develop of his state.
336 The holding wars by the founder of Safavi dynasty came forward of his wish to create the united Azerbaijan state. Just during his reign Azerbaijan language become the state and court language and he did great and unlimited services for the development of cultural, social and political fields of the state. After Shah Ismail died the central power was weakened due to the counteractions among amirs of Qizilbash tribes. The period of Shamlu, Rumlu and Tekeli feudal tribes coming to the head of state and replacing each other systematically continued till 1534. The new period of the wars between Safavis and Ottoman Empire started and continued 20 years. The Ottoman Empire reaching to its mighty peak during the reign of the I Sultan Salim's son Sulayman was an aggressive side in this war. Ottoman Empire made great effort to occupy Azerbaijan, and this came forward of Azerbaijan's being reach with national resources, for being producer of big raw materials and passing the profitable road between Asia and Europe through its area. The attacks of the Ottoman Turkey, which tried to spread its influence in the west of South Caucasus and Georgia, faced with stubborn resistance of Safavis. The superiority was in the Ottoman side which ransacked the wealth of many countries after occupation. Safavis was compelled to recognize the western Georgia under the sway of the Ottoman Empire according to the peace treaty signed in 1555. During the wars Azerbaijan was greatly damaged from the assaults of Ottoman forces for being situated on the way of them. For making difficult of enemy troops moving forward inside the country some of the frontier areas were destroyed purposely by Safavis themselves. While fighting against Uzbek Khans except Turkish, simultaneously had made Safavi position more difficult. The Safavi state was weakened as a result of the cotrasts among Qizilbash noblemen after the death of Shah Tahmasp I. Ismail II, who came to power after long terrible battles, tried to strengthen his reign by putting the members of the dynasty who claimed for the power to death. But not so long he was assassinated by feudal. At the end of the 70s years of the XVI century the state administration was partitioned among Qizilbash noblemen. The central power ruled by weak willed Shah Muhammed Khudabende had terribly weakened and nearly didn't activate. Using of the internal struggles of the Safavi state the Ottoman Turkey sent its troops to the South Caucasus again. New period of wars lasting till 1590 started again. At this time not stepping back systematically and stubbornly in front of any kind of loss the
337 Ottoman Turkey was able to capture the South Caucasus. These countries were undergone huge ruins. Especially, Azerbaijan being the main battle field in these wars had been completely destroyed. The Shirvan lands, undergone the attacks of Crimea khans except Turkish, were destroyed. The Safavi state had been surrounded with internal conflicts and weakened day by day. Not having enough power and opportunity to defend itself from Turkish troop the Safavis obliged to sign a peace treaty. According to this treaty they were forced to admit the fact connected with the occupation of Azerbaijan and Georgia. These enervating wars affected negatively to the historical fortunate of the South Caucasus nations being under reign of Ottoman feudal. At the beginning of the XVII century as a result of constant occupation of Azerbaijan by Ottoman Empire put an end to the existence of Safavi dynasty founded by Shah Ismail I. 20 years long Ottoman reign in Azerbaijan caused destroying its resources and economical decline. In XVII century Azerbaijan lost its reign in the administration of Safavi state and was forced to compromise it to the interior provinces of Iran. Except that, Azerbaijan noblemen and Qizlbash tribes lost its prior power as a result of internal and external wars. Even so, in the XVII century Azerbaijan nobles unable to keep their hegemony position everywhere. As a dangerous power they began gradually pressed by the Iran feudal. Adjoining the South and North provinces of Azerbaijan under the reign of Safavi state from political point of view has to be consid- ered as a new period of Azerbaijan history. The state, especially the advantage of private feudal property in land was the new features in strengthening of centralization directly connected with it. To pursue the centralization policy created new forms of land owners called "tiyul". At the first part of the XVI century the welfare of the population improved a little. But at the end of the 70s years and at the beginning of 80s years the welfare of the population hardened again. The working masses, failing into hard situation began their armed struggle against exploiters. The bright sample of it was the revolt of Tabriz in 1571-1573. The creation of Azerbaijani Safavid state offered all necessary facilities for the development of productive forces. The agriculture developed and craftsmanship and trade reached their peak. The economical relations of Azerbaijan with Moscow and European countries were developed and strengthened for its local silk, which gained the worldwide fame at the time. Arash, Tabriz, Shamakhi and Julfa was the inter- national trade centers of raw material and silk. Ardabil, Nakhichivan, Ganja, Baku and many other big cities became the
338 centers of craftsmanship. The great development in the field of Azerbaijan culture also connected with the reign of Safavis. It was also the widely spreading period of Azerbaijani language. The great literary works, gained worldwide fame were written in Azeribaijani Turkish. Great poets such as, Fuzuli, Habibi and Shah Ismail Khatai wrote their works in this language. The painting samples of Tabriz art school included to the row of world art pearls and caused to be trained the great artists like Kamalladin Behzad and Sultan Muhammad. Safavi state has an exceptional place in the history of our country. The history of this state is instructive in many points for our contemporary nation. There were many objective reasons for disintegrating of Safavi state. Not having the integrity among Qizilbash tribes, their making conflicts and hostility with each other, clashing of interests for wealth, fertile lands and reign, posi- tion of tribes, general hardship of private and general state interests, like this many other reasons resulted with disintegration of Safavi dynasty. It would be more convincing to value the reality of wars between the Ottoman Empire and Safavis not as a hostility of two Turkish nation (Ottoman and Azeri turks) but as crash of economical and political interests of the rulers of these huge coun- tries. The creation of sharp conflicts between Sunni and Shiite sects on political purpose roused the relation between two Turkish nations. Those times European countries instigated these two Turkish and Muslim states to make war against each other by offering various pretexts and at same time they tried to protect the south-east Europe from the Ottoman occupations.
339 340 341 342 343 344 QONŞU HÖKMDARLAR (XVI ƏSR) Hakimiyyət illəri Osmanlı sultanları 1. II Bəyazid 1481-1512 2. I Səlim 1512-1520 4. II Səlim 1566-1574 3. I Süleyman 1520-1566 5. III Murad 1574-1595 Şeybanilər 1. Məhəmməd Şeybani 1500-1510 2. Kuçkuncu 1510-1530 3. Əbu Səid 1530-1533 4. Ubeydulla (Ubeyd xan) 1533-1539 5. I Abdulla 1539-1540 6. Əbdüllətif 1540-1552 7. Novruz Əhməd 1552-1556 8. I Pir Məhəmməd 1556-1561 9. İskəndər 1561-1583 10. II Abdulla 1583-1598
1. I Məngli Girey 1478-1514 2. I Məhəmməd Girey 1514-1523 345 3. I Qazi Girey 1523-1524 4. I Səadət Girey 1524-1532 5. I İslam Girey 1532 6. I Sahib Girey 1532-1551 7. I Dövlət Girey 1551-1577 8. II Məhəmməd Girey 1577-1584 9. II İslam Girey 1584-1588 10. I Məhəmməd Girey 1588-1596
1. Babur 1526-1530 2. Hümayun 1530-1556 (fasilələrlə) 3. I Əkbər 1556-1605 Məmlüklər 1.Zahir Qansuh 1498-1500 2. Əşrəf Canbalat 1500-1501 3. Adil Seyfəddin Tümən bəy 1501
4. Əşrəf Qansuh Quri 1501-1517 5. Əşrəf Tümən bəy 1517-(sülalənin sonu) 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 Yüklə 2,17 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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