- 22 -
Ushakov, V. E. (1916) [Nest and eggs of Numenius tenuirostris, Vieill]. Orn. Vestnik 3: 185–
187.
Ushakov, V. E. (1925) [Colonial nesting of the Slender-billed Curlew in Tara district of Omsk
government]. Ural'skiy okhotnik 2: 32–35.
Vangeluwe, D. and Handrinos, G. (1995) Urgent measures for the protection of the Slender-
billed Curlew, Numenius tenuirostris on the migration sites of Porto Lagos and the Evros
Delta. Report to the European Commission.
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ANNEX 1.
RECOMMENDED CONSERVATION ACTIONS BY COUNTRY
* Albania
1.2.1./1.2.2.
2.1.2.
Promote the legal protection of the Slender-billed Curlew and other large waders
and enforce this legislation.
3.2.1.
Carry out surveys for the species in order to identify key sites, in cooperation
with foreign ornithologists.
* Algeria
1.2.2/3.3.
2.1.2.
Promote the inclusion of the other Numenius and Limosa species in the list of
species protected by Presidential decree; monitor the hunting situation and
enforce restrictions where necessary.
2.1.1.
Promote the safeguard of any sites found to be important for the species through
declaration as strictly protected areas and Ramsar sites, with no hunting
permitted.
3.2.1.
Carry out surveys for the species in known and potential areas, using
international cooperation where possible and necessary. Through training in
identification skills, set up an informal “Slender-billed Curlew network” of 6–12
reliable observers.
4.2./4.3.
Increase public awareness of wetland conservation issues and the plight of the
Slender-billed Curlew through appropriate NGOs. Hunters' groups, schools and
the wider public could all be targeted by such a programme.
* Bulgaria
1.1.4.
Promote the implementation of the parts of the National Plan for wetland
conservation that concern sites used by the Slender-billed Curlew.
2.1.
Promote the protection of all sites where the species has been recorded more than
once.
2.1.1.
Encourage an increase the extent of the protected area at Lake Atanasovo
(particularly the northern and north-eastern parts).
2.1.2.
Improve the enforcement of existing hunting legislation and the control of
hunting in protected areas, notably Lake Atanasovo. It is recommended that no
temporary decrees will prolong the hunting season in the Burgas region during
winter.
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2.1.3.
Provide wardening for the areas used by the species at Lake Atanasovo and other
Burgas wetlands in winter.
2.1.4.
Promote the provision of the necessary resources for the effective management
and protection of Lake Atanasovo and other wetlands in the Burgas area
(including full-time wardens with vehicles). Develop and implement the
management plan for Lake Atanasovo and compile such plans for Poda and
Chengene skele.
3.2.3./
3.3.
Monitor the occurrence of the Slender-billed Curlew at Lake Atanasovo and the
Burgas area, and monitor the hunting situation at these sites.
4.2.
Increase awareness among the general public of the plight of the Slender-billed
Curlew (and other threatened species).
4.3.
Develop and implement an education programme aimed at hunters to promote
the conservation of the Slender-billed Curlew, waders and other wetland birds.
* Greece
2.1.1./
2.1.4.
Encourage full and effective protection for key sites, ensuring that no adverse
developments occur. Promote adoption through a Joint Ministerial Declaration of
the management plan for the Evros delta and fully implement its
recommendations, with the necessary resources being made available.
2.1.2.
Encourage the enforcement of existing laws, especially at key sites (ideally there
should be total hunting bans in and around such sites).
3.2.3./
3.3.
Monitor the key sites to determine to what extent the species is still occurring on
passage (e.g. the last records from the Evros delta were single birds in 1988 and
1995; in Porto Lagos in 1988 and 1993), and monitor the hunting situation at
such sites.
4.2./4.3 Increase awareness among the public and hunters, especially at the key sites.
* Hungary
2.1.1.
Promote the full protection of all key sites with adequate resources are available
for their management. At the Hortobágy careful rotation in the draining of
fishponds in autumn is important, and some pusztas could usefully be flooded
and new salt lakes made (Kovács 1994). At Kardoskut extra water is needed to
flood the salt lakes; a new artificial salt lake is planned at Kardoskut, which
should be beneficial (Nagy, in European Commission 1994 and in litt.).
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3.2.3.
Monitor the existing key sites and other suitable wetlands during passage seasons
for the presence of the species.
3.3/
2.1.2.
Monitor the hunting situation, particularly near key sites, and ensure that the
good existing legislation is fully enforced. There have been problems with
visiting hunters, so strong action may be needed; those breaking the law should
be banned from hunting in Hungary.
* Iran
1.2.1./1.2.2/
2.1.2.
Promote the listing of the Slender-billed Curlew and its look-alikes as protected
species, with high penalties for infringement and effective enforcement
(regardless of whether or not waders are commonly shot).
2.1.1./
2.1.4.
If key sites are identified, encourage their full protection, with the necessary
resources available for their management.
3.2.1.
Carry out surveys for the species, using trained and experienced staff, to locate
any key sites (the Miankaleh peninsula and the Mehran delta may both be key
sites, but confirmation of records is needed). If necessary and feasible, foreign
ornithologists could cooperate in such surveys.
* Iraq
The activities listed below will only be achievable if the political situation in Iraq changes
considerably; it is to be hoped that the marshes will not have been entirely destroyed by this time.
1.2.1./1.2.2.
2.1.2.
Encourage the listing of the Slender-billed Curlew and its look-alikes as
protected species, with high penalties for infringement, and effective
enforcement, of such laws.
2.1.1.
Encourage the protection of the Iraqi marshes, particularly areas suitable for
waders, such as temporary marshes and areas fringing waterbodies.
3.2.1.
Carry out surveys for the species, using trained and experienced staff, to locate
any key sites; if possible and necessary, this could be done in cooperation with
visiting ornithologists.
* Italy
1.2.1./
1.2.2.
Encourage stronger specific legislation to protect the Slender-billed Curlew and
other Numenius and Limosa species (Black-tailed Godwit may currently be
unprotected if the July 1994 circular of the Minister of Agriculture has not yet
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taken effect). If large waders continue to be shot, then further species, notably
Ruff Philomachus pugnax, should also be protected.
2.1.2.
Encourage enforcement of legislation on hunting, through the appointment at
each key site of 3–5 armed wardens who are responsible solely for hunting
control. It is recommended that no-hunting buffer zones should be established
around key sites, within which even the carrying of a gun would be an offence.
2.1.1./2.1.2./
2.1.3/2.1.4
Encourage the full protection of key sites from development, and provide the
resources necessary for their management. Recommended actions include the
designation of the Viareggio wetlands as a Ramsar site, SPA and strict nature
reserve, the banning of hunting in the entire area and its surroundings, and the
provision of wardens. The other key sites should be designated as Ramsar sites
(smaller sites should be joined to form single large sites), with buffer zones
around them. Restore the boundaries originally proposed for Gargano National
Park, with buffer zones and 2–3 anti-poaching wardens. The Carabinieri and
Forest Guards should be deployed to intervene whenever and wherever
migrating groups occur; and birdwatchers’ access should be carefully controlled.
3.2.3.
Monitor key sites and other suitable areas for the species and monitor hunting
activity at key sites.
4.1./4.2./
4.3.
Increase awareness of the plight of the species among politicians, hunters and the
general public. In particular, provide and disseminate scientifically based
information in order to stress the importance of reducing the hunting of large
waders as a direct measure for the protection of the Slender-billed Curlew.
* Kazakhstan
1.2.1./
1.2.2.
Encourage the full protection of the Slender-billed Curlew and its look-alikes,
with high penalties for offenders.
3.2.1./3.2.2./
2.1.
Carry out surveys for the species to locate any key sites; the species might even
be found nesting in Kazakhstan. If technically possible, satellite-tracking would
be by far the best method of locating such sites, as the country is huge, travel is
difficult, and the density of ornithologists is very low. Any key sites identified
should be fully protected.
* Morocco
1.2.1./
1.2.2.
Promote an increase in the penalty for shooting a Slender-billed Curlew to the
maximum possible level, and substantially increase the fine for shooting other
curlew species.
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1.2.2./
3.3.
Promote the protection of both Limosa species with substantial penalties for
contravention, and monitor the hunting situation.
2.1.3.
Prevent significant disturbance to the species at Merja Zerga and any other key
sites.
2.1.1./
2.1.4.
Promote the strengthening of the level of protection afforded to Merja Zerga,
with a total ban on adverse developments within the reserve. Hunting should be
banned permanently in the whole reserve, including Merja Mellah. Further
resources should be made available for the site's management, including the
appointment of further wardens, each with their own vehicle. A study of
agricultural practices around the lagoon would yield valuable information on the
management of the reserve. A management plan is needed for the reserve and an
information centre should be built.
3.2.1.
Survey the coast for Slender-billed Curlews, and continue to monitor
occurrences at Merja Zerga. While this site remains the only known regular
wintering area for Slender-billed Curlew there is a strong case for an intensive
study of the species to be carried out here.
4.1./4.2./
4.3.
Raise awareness of the species among decision-makers, hunters and the general
public.
* Romania
1.2.1.
Promote the approval and implementation of the bill (No. 501, 14 July 1993)
intended to protect the Slender-billed Curlew.
1.2.2./
2.1.2.
Promote the protection of other Numenius and Limosa species, with effective
penalties, and ensure the law is enforced.
2.1.1./2.1.2./
2.1.4.
Promote the full protection of the Danube delta and that only sustainable use is
allowed. Considerable resources are needed for the management of the area, and
much work is ongoing, including staff training and the production of a
management plan for the delta. Those responsible for the delta must be fully
aware of the importance of the Istria and Razelm-Sinoie areas for the Slender-
billed Curlew and other threatened birds; hunting must be totally banned here,
and in much of the delta proper.
3.2.3.
Continue to monitor the Slender-billed Curlew, particularly in the Danube delta
(no records are known since 1989).
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* Russia
1.2.1./
2.1.2.
Encourage the strict protection of the Slender-billed Curlew throughout its
Russian range, with heavy penalties for contravention.
1.2.2./
2.1.2.
Encourage the full protection of other Numenius, Limosa and Limnodromus
species throughout the Slender-billed Curlew's range (i.e. west of the River
Yenisey). Legislation must include heavy penalties and must be widely
publicised, particularly among hunting organisations and through the network of
hunting inspectors.
3.1.1./3.1.2./
3.1.3.
Locate the breeding grounds and protect them effectively. The most effective
means of finding them would be satellite-tracking of birds from the wintering
grounds. In the absence of suitable transmitters, ground surveys will continue at
least until 1996, coordinated by A. K. Yurlov in Novosibirsk. If located, all
necessary resources must be devoted to the study and protection of the site and
the birds.
3.2.1.
Identify key passage sites, through increased publicity and survey efforts,
especially on the Russian coasts of the Black, Azov and Caspian Seas, and
protect effectively, as Zapovedniks, any sites thus identified.
* Spain
2.1.1./2.1.3./
2.1.4.
If Coto Doñana is confirmed as a key wintering site, specific management
recommendations should be identified and implemented by the national park
authorities, including increased wardening to prevent disturbance, and the
creation of a strict no-hunting zone of 2–3 km around the area used by the
species.
3.2.1.
Carry out special surveys for the species in autumn and winter, particularly in
areas where the species has been recorded (Balearic Island wetlands,
Mediterranean coast wetlands and Andalucian wetlands, notably Doñana). All
resulting records of the species should be submitted to the Iberian Rarities
Committee and to BirdLife International.
3.3./
2.1.2.
Monitor the situation concerning the hunting of large waders, particularly near to
any key sites identified; if problems are apparent enforcement efforts will need to
be increased.
4.2.
Increase awareness of the species among ornithologists and the general public,
by popular articles and possibly the production of a leaflet to aid identification.
Good illustrations would be an important part of such a leaflet.
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* Tunisia
1.2.2./3.3./
2.1.2.
Promote the protection of godwits by listing them on Article 7 of the Arrêté de
Chasse (curlews were listed in June 1994). The situation concerning the hunting
of large waders should be monitored, and measures taken for increased
enforcement if necessary, particularly at key sites.
2.1.1.
Encourage the declaration of any Slender-billed Curlew key sites as fully
protected areas and Ramsar sites, with total bans on hunting in the area and its
immediate surroundings. Such areas can be declared permanent hunting reserves
in the Arrêté Annuel de la Chasse, as determined by the Conseil Superieur de la
Chasse.
2.1.4.
Initiate a study of the Kairouan wetlands (other than Kelbia) to investigate the
hydrology of the system and the effect of up-river dams. This would contribute
to the development of a conservation management plan for the area.
3.2.1.
Continue and increase monitoring of potential key sites, with particular emphasis
on areas where the species has been recorded in the past (Kairouan–Monastir and
Gulf of Gabès). The main aim of such surveys would be identification of precise
sites where conservation action could be taken; expeditions could be organised,
if necessary, in cooperation with visiting ornithologists.
3.3./4.3.
Monitor the shooting of large waders. If the shooting of large waders is more
widespread than currently thought, the production of posters combined with
articles in hunters' magazines would help to raise awareness of the species. At
the 1994 meeting of the hunting council a request was made by the regional
hunting association of Tunis and the hunting federation for such a programme.
* Turkey
1.2.2./
2.1.2.
Promote the inclusion of the Black-tailed Godwit in the list of protected species.
Encourage better understanding and enforcement of hunting legislation,
particularly at potential key sites.
2.1.1.
Promote the full protection of key sites, once these have been identified with full
resources for effective management. No hunting should be allowed in or near
such sites (no-hunting buffer zones will be needed).
3.2.1.
Carry out surveys during passage and winter to establish which, if any, sites are
used regularly. The highest priority sites for such surveys are the Göksu delta,
Çukorova delta, Apolyont Gölü, Eregli marshes, Çamalti Tuzlasi and Büyük
Menderes delta. Foreign observers and expeditions should be encouraged to look
for the species.
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4.1./
4.3
Raise awareness of the species (and the law protecting it) with relevant
politicians and hunters' groups.
* Ukraine
1.2.1./1.2.2./
2.1.2.
Encourage an increase in the penalty for shooting a Slender-billed Curlew to the
maximum level, and that for shooting other curlews to a more significant
amount. Protect godwits, and ensure that all such laws are well-publicised and
enforced.
2.1.1.
Encourage the effective protection of a network of major wetland sites along the
northern shores of the Black and Azov Seas.
3.2.1./
3.2.2.
Identify key sites used by the species. Satellite-tracking would greatly facilitate
this process, but with international cooperation and funding substantial ground
survey efforts could be made. Any sites thus identified should be fully protected
(see 2.1.1.), and total hunting bans should be introduced at these sites.
4.3.
Publicise the plight of the species with hunters.
* Croatia
1.2.1./1.2.2.
Encourage the full protection of all Numenius and Limosa species, with
maximum penalties for the shooting of a Slender-billed Curlew, and effectively
enforce this law. Activities of any foreign hunters must be effectively controlled;
visiting hunters breaking the law should be banned from hunting in Croatia.
3.2.1.
Survey suitable wetlands (particularly those with past records) for the species, in
order to identify any key sites.
4.1./4.3.
Increase awareness of the species among politicians and hunters.
* Former
Yugoslavia
1.2.1./1.2.2./
2.1.2.
Promote the listing of the Slender-billed Curlew and its look-alikes as protected
species, with high penalties for infringement, and effective enforcement. Foreign
hunters must also be fully controlled, perhaps by a life ban on returning to hunt
in former Yugoslavia if caught breaking the law.
2.1.1./
2.1.4.
Encourage effective protection and management of key sites, notably Soskopo.
3.2.1.
Carry out further surveys for the species, particularly in Vojvodina.
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4.1./4.3.
Increase awareness of the species among relevant politicians and hunters.
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