Luda RoniaSvili

mzia burjanaZem

Jurnali `arili~, #11, 2016 w.

religia
netari avgustine
aRsarebani *
20. magram ra iyo imis mizezi, rom ase Zalian mZulda berZnuli, rom-liTac siyrmidanve mWyipavdnen? mar-Tali giTxraT, dResac ar vici.

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*(dasaw. ix. Jur. `sinaTle~, #8-9, 2017 w.).

laTinuri ki miyvarda, magram ara

is, rasac dawyebiT skolebSi aswav-lian, aramed egreT wodebul grama-tikosTa gakveTilebi (romis imperia-Si (metropoliaSic da provincieb-Sic) swavla-ganaTlebis sruli kur-si sam safexurs, sam etaps moicavda: es iyo _ a) dawyebiTi skola, sadac swavlobdnen wera-kiTxvas da ariT-metikas; b) gramatikuli skola, sa-dac ZiriTadad kiTxulobdnen roma-uli da berZnuli mwerlobis klasi-kosebs da safuZvlianad arCevdnen maT teqstebs, rasac uSualod erwy-moda gramatikis, stilistikis, met-rikis, musikis, istoriis, religiis, miTologiis, geografiisa da sxva saganTa swavleba; da bolos, g) ritorikuli skolebi, sadac Wabuke-bi mWevrmetyvelebis xelovnebas euf-lebodnen da oratoris prestiJuli karierisaTvis emzadebodnen (dawvri-lebiT ix. М. Сергеенко, Жизнь древне-го Рима, М.-1, 1964, стр. 169-191)). wera-kiTxvisa da angariSis swavla Tav-dapirvelad iseve Zneli da autane-li meCveneboda, rogorc berZnulisa

(`dRemde davoben imis Taobaze, ico-da Tu ara netarma avgustinem berZ-nuli. TviTonve ambobda xolme, TiT-qmis sruliad ar vici es enao (`pe-tilianes winaaRmdeg~, 2, 38, 91). mag-ram saeWvoa, rom es marTlac ase yofiliyo. gramatikuli skolebidan moyolebuli swavleba orenovani iyo, da avgustinec, es niWieri Wabuki, imdenad mainc daeufla berZ-nul enas, rom codnis es maragi savsebiT sakmarisi aRmoCnda mis-Tvis, raTa Semdeg erTmaneTisaTvis Seedarebina bibliis laTinuri Tar-gmani da berZnuli originali (sa-mocdaaTi ganmmarteblis Targmani). Tumca berZnuli yovelTvis ucxo iyo misTvis, iseve, rogorc elinis-turi kultura: berZen klasikosebs saerTod ar kiTxulobda, warmarTi filosofosebisa da aRmosavluri eklesiis mamaTa Txzulebebidan ki mxolod imas icnobda, rac laTinu-rad iyo Targmnili (ix. `aRsareba-Ta~ rusuli Targmanis SeniSvnebi, dasax. gamoc. gv. 230)). ra unda yofi-liyo amis mizezi, Tu ara codva da cxovrebiseuli amaoeba? radganac me viyavi `xorci da cTomili suli, ukan rom ar Semoiqceva~ (fsalm. 77, 39). da mainc, es pirveldawyebiTi swavla, ramac, bolos da bolos, saSualeba momca sxvisi naweric mekiTxa da TviTonac mewera, rac ki momeprianeboda, gacilebiT ufro ukeTesi da sasargeblo iyo, vidre is gakveTilebi, sadac maiZulebdnen, damezuTxa viRac eneasis (eneasi _ vergiliusis `eneidas~ mTavari gmi-ri, qalRmerT afroditesa da dar-danielTa miTuri mefis _ anqisis _ Ze, troas mefe priamosis siZe: colad hyavda misi asuli kreusa, visganac SeeZina askaniosi (iolosi _ romael iuliusTa sagvareulos legendaruli mamamTavari). troas damxobis Semdeg, Tavisi RvTaebrivi dedis rCeviT, col-SviliTa da axloblebiTurT miatova cecxlmo-debuli qalaqi, raTa Tavisi Soreu-li winaprebis odindel samSobloSi _ italiaSi _ gadasaxlebuliyo. gzaSi daeRupa mama da meuRle. kar-Tagens Casuli, didi pativiT miiRo iqaurma dedofalma _ didonam, ro-melsac TavdaviwyebiT Seuyvarda igi. qali yovelnairad cdilobda, samudamod karTagenSi daetovebina mijnuri, magram Tavisi aRTqmis erT-gulma eneasma yurad ar iRo qalis vedreba da italiisaken gaswia. sasowarkveTilma didonam ver aita-na mijnurTan ganSoreba da Tavi moikla) xetiali da, amrigad, dame-viwyebina Cemi sakuTari xetiali codvisa da cTomilebis gziT; mdu-Rare cremlebiT dametirebina dido-na (didona _ ix. zemo SeniSvna), siy-varulis gamo rom moikla Tavi, maSin, rodesac me, ubedurs, erTi cremlic ar gadmomvardnia Cemi sulieri sikvdilis gamo, raSiac brali miuZRoda am abdaubdas, Sens Tavs rom maSorebda, RmerTo Cemo, sicocxlev Cemo!

21. vin iqneba im sabraloze ufro sabralo, visac Tavisi Tavi ki ar ebraleba, aramed didonas dastiris, eneasadmi siyvarulis gamo rom moikla Tavi; diax, didonas dasti-ris da ara Tavis sakuTar sikvdils, risi mizezic is gaxda, rom ar miy-vardi, ufalo, Cemi gulis naTelo, Cemi sulis puro, Cemi gonebis cxo-velmyofelo Zalav da azris siqa-dulo! ar miyvardi da gRalatobdi, xolo Cems Ralats sixarulis yiJi-niT xvdeboda xalxi. sawuTros siy-varuli Seni Ralatia (Sdr. iak. IV, 4: `...nuTu ar iciT, rom amqveynis siyvaruli mtrobaa RvTisa? amitom visac surs, amqveynis moyvare iyos, RvTis mtrad iqceva~), da roca am Ralats sixarulis yiJiniT egebebian mxolod imitom, rom kacs Sercxves, vaiTu ise ar viqcevi, rogorc iqce-vian sxvebio? hoda, mec Cems ubedu-rebas ki ar davtirodi, aramed didonas, romelmac `dana daica da miaSura Cvens ukanasknel adgilsam-yofels~ (ix. vergiliusi, `eneida~, VI, 457); mec aseve veSurebodi Sens ukanasknel qmnilebaTa Soris tri-als, _ me, SenTvis zurgis mqceveli, miwa, miwadve miqceuli. Cemi wameba maSin genaxaT, amnairi arakebis kiTx-va rom aekrZalaT, radganac ver SevZlebdi mekiTxa wigni, romelic gamawamebda. da mTeli es siSlege ufro metad fasobs da ufro Rrma ganswavlulobis nimuSad iTvleba, vidre wera-kiTxvis Seswavla.

22. ufalo, axla ki, dae, aimaRlos Cems sulSi xma da miTxras Senma simarTlem: `ar aris ase, ar aris ase~. ara, dawyebiTi ganaTleba um-jobesia. me, Cemda Tavad, mzada var, umal daviviwyo eneasis xetiali da sxva misTanani, vidre wera da kiTx-va. gramatikosTa skolebis bWeze fardebia CamoSvebuli, magram es mowiwebis aRmZvrel saidumloebaTa niSani rodia, aramed cTomilebis saburveli (Tavis zemoT dasaxele-bul wignSi _ `Zveli romis cxovre-ba~ _ (gv. 169-170) m. sergeenko ase agviwers dawyebiTi skolis maswav-leblis uRimRamo da ubadruk yo-fas: `...mas ara aqvs ufleba `maswav-leblad~ (laT. professor iwodebo-des). is mxolod `saskolo zeda-mxedveli~ Tu `skolis ufrosia~ (ma-gister). maRalzurgiani savarZeli da kaTedra misi saqme ar aris _ amnair savarZelSi mxolod `grama-tikosi~ an ritori Tu SeiZleba ijdes. masze ar vrceldeba privile-giebi, romlebsac saSualo Tu umaR-lesi skolis maswavleblebs aniWebs imperatori. misi xelfasi ubadrukia da maswavlebelma aqedanac unda ga-moyos Tanxa, raTa Senoba daiqira-vos Tavisi skolisaTvis. ra Tqma unda, amnair skolaSi amaod dauw-yebT Zebnas myudroebas da verc Tva-lisTvis sasiamovnos hpovebT rasme: maswavlebeli fardulsa Tu saxe-losnos iqiravebs, sadac TavisTvis skams daidgams, SegirdebisTvis ki merxebsa Tu taburetebs Camoamwkri-vebs; patarebs magidebic ara sWir-debaT _ merxebze msxdomT muxlebze firfitebi udevT da ase weren. zog-jer maswavlebels TviT amnairi Senobis dasaqiravebladac ar hyof-nis fuli da maSin pirdapir Ria cis qveS, forumis portikTan, xsnis Tavis skolas, xolo mis mowafeebs yuradReba rom ar gaefantoT, fo-rumisagan fardiT gamohyofs saswav-lebels. swored amnair skolas vxe-davT pompeis erT-erT fskerze...~ am fardebCamofarebul saklaso `oTaxs~ netari avgustine ironiulad ada-rebs warmarTuli taZrebis saidum-lo senakebs (cellae), sadac saTay-vanebel RvTaebaTa gamosaxulebebs dgamdnen). dae, nu ayayandebian Cem winaaRmdeg isini, visic ukve aRar meSinia, vidre aRsarebas geubnebi, RmerTo Cemo, da gimJRavneb, ra surs Cems suls: me vmSviddebi, roca vgmob Cemi cTomilebis gzas, raTa Seni wrfeli gza Seviyvaro. dae, nu ayayandebian Cem winaaRmdeg kazmul-sityvaobis nimuSTa myidvelni da gamyidvelni: me rom avdge da am kiTxviT mivmarTo maT, eneasi odes-Rac marTla Cavida karTagenSi, ro-gorc poeti amtkicebs-meTqi, nakle-bad ganaTebulni mipasuxeben, ar viciTo, ufro Rrmad ganswavlulni ki dabejiTebiT ityvian, ara, ar Casulao. magram Tu vikiTxe, ra aso-ebiT iwereba saxeli `eneasi~, wera-kiTxvis yoveli mcodne swor pasuxs gamcems, im SeTanxmebis Sesabamisad, romlis mixedviTac adamianebma da-adgines am niSnebis mniSvneloba (igulisxmeba aso_niSnebi). xolo Tu am kiTxvasac davusvam maT: ra ufro saziano iqneba TqvenTvis, wera-kiTx-vis daviwyeba, Tu am poeturi gamo-nagonisa-meTqi, gana TavisTavad cxa-di ar aris, rasac mipasuxebs yvela Wkuadamjdari kaci?

maSasadame, pataraobisas vcodav-di, rakiRa cru arakebi merCia Cem-Tvis esoden sasargeblo gakveTi-lebs an, ufro sworad, roca miy-varda pirvelni da mZagda meoreni. `erTi da erTi oria; ori da ori _ oTxi~, _ Wiris dResaviT mZulda es iwilo-biwilo (dawyebiT skolebSi mowafeebs am meTodiT aswavlidnen Tvlas da angariSs), samagierod, warmosaxva tkbeboda fuWi da mac-Turi xilvebiT: xis cxeni, Sig mima-luli meomrebi, troas xanZari da `TviT kreusas aCrdili~ (ix. vergi-liusi, `eneida~, II, 772).

23. maS, ratom mZulda berZnuli mwerloba, romelic amnairi arakebi-Taa savse? homerosi xom ise ostatu-rad Txzavs maT da, mTeli Tavisi amaoebis miuxedavad, jadoqruli xibliTa da uebro sitkboebiT gvab-ruebs (homerosis swavleba savalde-bulod iTvleboda rogorc dawye-biT, ise gramatikulsa da ritori-kul skolebSic. `yvelafris dasaw-yisi, Suaguli da dasasruli aris homerosi, _ werda dion qrisostomi (oqropiri), _ ymawvilsac, mowiful-sac da berikacsac is aZlevs imdens, ramdenis miRebac SeuZlia TiToeul maTgans. lirika, elegia, iambebi, diTirambebi Zalze mniSvnelovania imisTvis, visac bevri Tavisufali dro aqvs, magram visac ganuzraxavs erTsa da imave dros praqtikul moRvaweobas misdios, gaifarTovos sarbieli da gaimdidros codna, yve-lafrisaTvis namdvilad ar eyofa dro~ (`sityvierebis xelovnebaSi ga-wafvisaTvis~, 8), magram CemTvis _ patara biWisaTvis _ is mainc mware iyo. me mgonia, aseTive moeCvenebo-daT berZen biWunebs vergiliusic, Tuki aiZulebdnen iseve eswavlaT igi, rogorc me maiZulebdnen home-rosis swavlas. Cemi azriT, siZnele, romelic ganuxrelad Tan axlavs ucxo enis Seswavlas, diax, swored siZnele iyo, rom miwamlavda da TiTqos naRvels urevda berZnuli arakebis sitkboebas. jer erTi berZ-nuli sityvac ar vicodi, me ki namdvili sulTamxuTavebiviT madg-nen Tavze da maiZulebdnen, saswra-fod meswavla es ena, ise, rom sulis moTqmis saSualebasac ar maZ-levdnen da Tanac sastiki sasjeliT memuqrebodnen (saukuneebis Semdeg saswavleblebSi gamefebul sisasti-kes, daundoblobasa da cema-tyepas aseve gadaWriT gmobda didi frangi humanisti da moazrovne _ miSel montenic (1533-1592 w.): `Cveni koleJe-bi xom namdvili satusaRoebia, sa-dac Cveni momavali Taoba gvyavs gamomwyvdeuli. sabralo moswavle-ebs ganukiTxavad amaxinjeben da asa-xiCreben, vinaidan manamde sjian, sanam danaSaulis Cadenas moasw-rebdnen. keTil inebeT da mecadineo-bisas SeaReT nebismieri koleJis kari _ verafers gaigonebT, yviri-lis garda: yvirian moswavleebi, romlebsac wkepliT uWreleben zurgs; yvirian cnobamixdili da gacofebuli maswavleblebi. gana SeiZleba am gziT swavlis siyvaru-li aRuZra norCebs? gana SeiZleba wkepliT xelSi da risxviT SeSli-li saxiT mwyemso da win wauZRve SemkrTalsa da SeSinebul umanko sulebs? damaqcevaria es gza da damRupveli! aqve minda SegaxsenoT kvintilianes savsebiT samarTliani SeniSvna: maswavleblis am usazRvro da SeuzRudav Zalauflebas saSine-li Sedegi mosdevs, miT umetes, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, ra sastiki ganaCe-nis gamotanis uflebac eZleva mas. ramdenad ufro marTebuli iqneboda, foTlebiTa da yvavilebiT mogvefina saklaso oTaxebis iataki, gasisxli-anebuli wkeplebis nacvlad! Cemi neba rom iyos, gankargulebas gav-cemdi, sixarulis, saxalisis, flo-rasa Tu graciebis gamosaxulebiT SeemkoT saklaso oTaxebis kedlebi, rogorc filosofos spevsipes Seum-kia Tavisi skola~ (`esseebi“, I, XXVI, bavSvebis aRzrdisaTvis).

iyo dro, roca, sul pawawinam, aramcTu berZnuli, erTi Reri la-Tinuric ar vicodi, magram CemiT amovidgi ena gadiebis xvevna-kocnasa da sicil-kiskisSi, gadiebisa, enas rom miCleqdnen, gulSi mikravdnen da mialersebdnen. ase, TiTqos TamaS-TamaSiT viswavle laparaki, yovelgvari SiSisa da Zaldatanebis gareSe. mxolod guli maiZulebda, sityviT gamomexata saTqmeli, rac SeuZlebeli iqneboda, is sityvebi rom ar meswavla, romelTa meSveo-biTac Cemianebs vagebinebdi, rasac vfiqrobdi. magram amas maswavleb-lebs ki ar vumalavdi, aramed Cems axloblebs, romelTa laparakic yo-veldRe Camesmoda yurSi. aqedan aSkaraa, rom enis Seswavlisas Tavi-sufali cnobismoyvareoba gacile-biT ufro mets niSnavs, vidre mris-xane aucilebloba. magram pirvels boWavs da gasaqans ar aZlevs meore, Tanaxmad Seni kanonisa, ufalo, romelic, maswavleblis wkepliT dawyebuli da martvilis cTunebiT damTavrebuli, Tanabrad gansazRv-ravs yvelafers da iZulebis mware wamals Cvenda sasikeTod uzavebs gancxromis tkbil sawamlavs, rome-lic Sengan gvaSorebs.

24. `Seismine, ufalo, Cemi vedreba“ (fsalm. 60, 2): dae, nu Sedrkeba Cemi suli Seni simkacris winaSe; dae, nu Sevdrkebi me, roca Sen winaSe vaRi-areb Sensave gulmowyalebas, rom-lis meoxebiTac ganmarideb yovel-gvar sacTurs. iyav CemTvis yvela cTunebaze utkbesi (Sdr. netari av-gustine, `musikisaTvis~, 6, 16, 52: `siyvaruli yovelive warmavalisad-mi SeiZleba amoZirkvo mxolod imis saSualebiT, rom SeigrZno sitkboe-ba waruvalisa~); dae, Segiyvaro mTe-li Cemi arsebiT; dae, guli Sevawebo Sens mowyale xels. mixseni yovel-gvari cTunebisagan TviT ukanasknel amosunTqvamde (Sdr. I kor. I, 8). aha, ufalo, `meufeo Cemo da RmerTo Cemo~ (fsalm. 5, 3): dae, gemsaxuros yovelive keTili, rac siymawvilisas Semiswavlia: Cemi sityvac, wera-kiTx-vac da angariSic. roca fuWsa da amao mecnierebas veuflebodi, Sen miwinamZRvre da momiteve Cemi codve-bi _ pativmoyvaruli gataceba mTe-li am amaoebiT. me xom ase viswavle bevri sasargeblo sityva, Tumca Se-iZleboda sxvanairadac meswavla, ise, rom amdeni dro ar Semewira esoden fuWi saqmisaTvis. ai, wrfeli gza, romelsac unda mihyvebodnen bavSvebi.

25. vai Senda, kacTa Cveulebebis Smago nakado! vis SeuZlia win aRgidges? rodis, mainc rodis daS-rebi? rodemdis waritaceb evas naSi-erT, raTa ukidegano da boboqar zRvas SerTo isini, romlis gadase-ra TviT xomaldze (dedanSia lig-num _ `Zeli~ _ metonimuri aRniSvna xomaldisa; `zRva~ Cveulebrivi meta-foraa, cxovrebas, `cxovrebiseul zRvas~ rom gulisxmobs. xomaldi, romliTac SeiZleba es zRva gada-curo, eklesiasa da qristes jvars niSnavs. am adgilis saucxoo komen-taria netari avgustines `ioanes ganmartebisaTvis~, 2, 4: `ratom acves jvars? imitom, rom SenTvis aucile-belia es Zeli (lignum) misi damdab-lebisa. Seni ampartavnebis gamo ge-Sinoda misi da amitomac mSobliuri mxaridan Sors gagitaca dinebam. saero talRebma gadarecxes misken dasabrunebeli gza. mxolod am xo-maldiT (lignum) Tu SesZleb Sin dabrunebas. is TviTon iqca gzad, magram es gza zRvaze gadis, fexiT ki zRvas ver gadalaxav, mxolod xomaldiT Tu gadaserav mas, mxo-lod `ZeliT~ (e. i. `jvriT~). gwamdes jvarcma da Sen dabrundebi~ (ix. rusuli Targmanis SeniSvnebi, dasax. gamoc. gv. 230)) msxdom zRvaosnebsac ki uWirT? gana Sens talRebSi motivtive ar vkiTxulobdi mexTa-mtexi da memruSe iupiteris ambebs? SeuZlebelia erTic iyo da, imav-droulad, meorec, magram asea dawe-rili, raTa misabaZ nimuSad gvqon-des namdvili mruSoba yalbi mexTa-texis maWanklobiT (komentatorTa azriT, netari avgustine aq narTau-lad unda gulisxmobdes mis Tana-droul romeliRac farss).

oh, ramdenni arian es grZelmosas-xamiani maswavleblebi, magram vin, romeli maTgani aTxovebs yurs maT-saviT warmarTuli mtvrisagan moze-lili kacis sityvebs: `es homerosis gamonagonia, romelmac RmerTebze gadaitana adamianTa Tvisebebi, me ki merCia Cvenze gadmoetana RmerTebis sidiade!~ (es sityvebi cicerons ekuTvnis (`tuskulumuri saubrebi~, I, 26, 65)), magram is ufro swori iqneboda, rom eTqva: diax, es home-rosis gamonagonia, magram biwier kacTaTvis rom migvewera RvTaebrio-ba, araviTari danaSauli aRar CaiTv-leboda danaSaulad, da misi Camdeni gadagvarebul kacTa mimbaZveli ki ar iqneboda, aramed cis binadari RmerTebisao.

26. da mainc, jojoxeTis nakado (`jojoxeTis nakadoo~ rom ambobs, netari avgustine klasikuri ganaT-lebis Cveulebrivi process gulisx-mobs), Sens talRebSi yrian adamis ZeT, raTa iswavlon mTeli es uke-Tureba, da Tanac swavlis safasu-ric gadaixadon! ra didi saqme keT-deba sajarod, ra didi saqme keTde-ba forumze, Cveni kanonebis piris-pir (saswavleblebs upiratesad fo-rumze xsnidnen (ix. aqve, Sen. 49)... forumzeve hkidebdnen kanonTa as-lebs), romlebic, Segirdebis mier gaRebuli safasuris garda, qalaq-sac uweseben, gasamrjelo aZlios maswavleblebs (qalaqi, romelic maswavlebels iwvevda, imperatoris sagangebo brZanebiT dawesebul xel-fass uxdida mas. garda amisa, mas-wavlebeli Segirdebisganac iRebda swavlis safasurs). Seni talRebiT exeTqebi kldovan kbodeebs da zaT-qiT gvamcnob: `aq swavloben sity-vebs; aq euflebian mWevrmetyvelebas, romelic aucilebelia saimisod, rom kacTa darwmuneba da Seni azre-bis gamoxatva SeZlo~. Cven marTlac versad viswavlidiT amnair sityvebs: `oqros wvima~, `wiaRi~, `Secdena~, `ciuri taZari~ da sxva misTanani, terenciuss (terenciusi _ saxelgan-Tqmuli romaeli komediografi (da-axl. 195-159 Zv. w. a) Tavis piesaSi rom ar gamoeyvana erTi aRviraxsni-li aSiki, romelsac mas Semdeg, rac Tvali Seavlo kedlis moxatulo-bas, sadac ukvdavTa da mokvdavTa mama, danaidas Secdenis mizniT, oqros wvimad efrqveva qalwulis poxier wiaRs, _ iupiteri dausaxavs mruSobis misabaZ nimuSad. erTi uyu-reT, ranairi sityvebiT aRagznebs Tavis bilw vnebebs, ciuri moZRvris mier ganswavluli: `Tu amas sCadis ukvdavi RmerTi, grgvinviT cis TaRis Semaryeveli, rad ar mivbaZo mec mis magaliTs, ubadrukma da uCi-no mRilma?~ (terenciusis erT-erT komediaSi _ `evnuqi~ _ Wabuki qerea evnuqis tansacmelSi gamowyobili Seipareba hetera Taisis sawol oTaxSi, raTa siyvaruli auxsnas qals, da roca kedelze zemoT aRwe-ril suraTs Seavlebs Tvals, iupi-teris mibaZviT, mtkiced gadawyvets, dauyovnebliv isargeblos esoden xelsayreli SemTxveviT (`evnuqi~, 585-605)).

ara, ar aris swori, RmerTmani, ar aris swori, TiTqos es sityvebi ufro advilad gvamaxsovrdebodnen, maTi bilwi Sinaarsis wyalobiT. damaxsovrebisa ra mogaxsenoT da ufro advilad ki Cagvadenineben imave sibilwes. me TviT sityvebs ki ara vgmob, am Zvirfassa da rCeul WurWels, aramed Sig Casxmul cTo-milebis Rvinos, romliTac gvimas-pinZldebodnen SezarxoSebuli mas-wavleblebi. rom ar dagvelia, gagvwkeplavdnen da imis nebasac ar mogvcemdnen, rom fxizeli kaci mog-vewvia msajulad. da mainc, RmerTo Cemo, me SemiZlia Sen winaSe mSvidad da aumRvrevlad gavixseno yovelive es: me, ubeduri, siamovnebiT vswav-lobdi am macTur arakebs da vtkbe-bodi kidec maTi xibliT. amitomac iyo, rom skolis imeds meZaxdnen da did momavals miwinaswarmetyvelebd-nen.

27. neba miboZe, gagimJRavno, ufa-lo Cemo, ranair abdaubdas valevdi Sen mier nawyalobev niWsa da unars. iseT davalebas maZlevdnen xolme, rom mTel suls mimRvrevda da miforiaqebda. ase magaliTad, me un-da warmomeTqva ganrisxebuli iuno-nas sityva. qalRmerTis risxva imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom `ver SeZlo italiisaTvis Tavidan aecilebina tevkrebis mefis SeWra~ (`tevkrebi~ ewodebodaT troelebs, maTi pirve-li mefis _ tevkrosis _ saxelis mixedviT... `tevkrebis mefed~ aq enea-si (in. Sen. 45) igulisxmeba. troele-bis mimarT mtrulad ganwyobili iunona (berZnuli miTologiiT _ hera) yovelnairad cdilobda, rom eneass Tavisi TanamgzavrebiTurT ver mieRwia italiisTvis, sadac mas, bedis winaswarganCinebiT, diadi sa-mefo unda daearsebina... amnairi `da-valeba~, romelsac esoden usiamo grZnobiT ixsenebs netari avgustine, Cveulebrivi ram iyo dawyebiTsa Tu gramatikul skolebSi. mowafes ara marto prozad unda `gardaeTqva~ `eneidis~ mocemuli nawyveti (I, 36-75), aramed, saxelganTqmuli romae-li oratoris _ kvintilianes (da-axl. 35-100 w.) sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `mWevrmetyveluri Zalmosilebac mie-niWebina poetis azrisaTvis, gaesru-lebina nakluli adgilebi, sxartad da mkafiod Camoeyalibebina is, rac bundovani Canda... es unda yofiliyo poetTan paeqroba da Widili~ (`Se-gonebani oratoris mimarT~, X, 5, 4-5)). Tu davalebas Rirseulad ga-varTmevdi Tavs, jildod qebis Sesx-ma meloda, Tu ara da, sasjelic cnobili iyo: gabiabrueba da gaw-kepvla. me saerTod ar gamigia, rom iunonas odesme warmoeTqvas amnairi sityva, magram Cven gvaiZulebdnen, poetur gamonagonTa kvaldakval gveboriala da prozauli sityviT gadmogveca is, rac poets leqsad gamoeTqva. ganaskuTrebiT aqebdnen imas, vinc SeZlebda zustad da xatovnad warmoesaxa RvTaebis ris-xva Tu mwuxareba, misi Rirsebis Se-sabamisad, saTanado sityvebis gars-Si moeqcia Tavisi azri. ra Sav qvad mindoda yovelive es, RmerTo Cemo, WeSmarito sicocxlev Cemo?! ra Tav-Si vixlidi imas, rom Cems sityvebs ufro erTsulovani taSiT xvdebod-nen, vidre Cemi tolebisas Tu Tana-klaselebisas? ra aris es, Tu ara kvamli da qari? gana sxva Tema arsad iyo, rom imaSi gamewafa Cemi enac da gonebac? Seni qeba-dideba, ufalo, Seni qeba-dideba, Senive werilis mixedviT, _ ai, ra unda yofiliyo Cemi norCi gulis sayrde-ni, rogorc Wigo _ vazis lerwebisa! maSin xom ase advialad veRar miita-cebda amaoeba, rogorc onavari Ci-tebis gundi itacebs yurZnis marcv-lebs. meamboxe angelosebs xom sul sxvadasxvanairad swiraven msxverpls (analogiis azri gamWvirvalea: ne-tar avgustines ar hqonda rwmena anu `Wigo~ Tu `sayrdeni~. amitomac iyo, rom mis guls iseve advilad itacebdnen dacemuli angelozebi, rogorc onavari Citebis gundi ita-cebs miwaze dacvenil yurZnis marc-vlebs. `es amayi da ukeTuri sulebi, _ ambobda avgustine maTze, _ keTil-surnelovani kvamliT ki ar sazr-dooben, rogorc hgonia zogierT briyvs, aramed adamianTa Secdome-biT~ (`faustusis winaaRmdeg~, 20, 22).

28. maS, ra gasakviria, rom nafo-tiviT mimaqanebda amaoebis nakadi da me TandaTan gSordebodi, RmerTo Cemo, raTa gare samyaroSi davnTqmu-liyavi (swored am `gare samyaroSi danTqmasa~ Tvlida sulieri dacemis mizezad didi neoplatonikosi plo-tini (204-270 w.), romelmac platon-Tan (427-347 Zv. w. a.) erTad gadam-wyveti zemoqmedeba moaxdina netari avgustines msoflmxedvelobis for-mirebaze... `warmovidginoT maxinji suli _ usamarTlo, aRviraxsnili, aTasi qvena grZnobiT savse, mxdali, jabani, RvarZliani, mxolod xrwna-disken, warmavlisken miqceuli, mru-ded mavali, xorciel vnebebs damo-nebuli, uwmindur gancxromaTa trfia-li, lirwebaSi Camyayebuli. vityviT Tu ara Cven, rom es simaxinje miemTxva da mietmasna suls, rogorc amqveynad SeZenili ram boroteba, romelmac biwiT Sesvara is da amri-gad moswyvita siwmindes misi sicoc-xle da misi grZnobebi; vityviT Tu ara Cven, rom borotebasTan Sexebam da Serevam Semusra misi naTeli da uRimRamo arsebobisTvis, sikvdil-sicocxlis mijnaze laslasisTvis gawira igi. amitomaa, rom veRar xedavs imas, rasac unda xedavdes suli; amitomaa, rom aRar ZaluZs Tavis TavSi ganmartoeba, radgan vnebebi gareT ewevian vnebuls, sim-dablisa da sibnelisaken~ (`enneada~, I, 6, 5)). me xom nimuSad misaxavdnen adamianebs, romlebsac sircxvilisa-gan Wiris ofls asxamdaT, Tu vinme SeniSnavda, rom TavianT qvelmoqme-debaze laparakisas barbarizmi an solecizmi (barbarizmi (`barbaros~ _ ase uwodebdnen berZnebi yovelive ucxos, ukulturos, velurs, ara-civilizebuls) _ ama Tu im enis bunebisaTvis Seuferebeli, sxva enis normebis mixedviT Seqmnili an ucxouridan saWiroebis gareSe Se-mosuli sityva... solecizmi (warmod-

geba berZnuli sityvidan `soloikis-mos~, saidanac dasabams iRebs laTi-nuri `solecizmus~ _ kilikiis qa-laq solois mcxovrebTaTvis niSne-uli metyveleba) _ barbarizmis erT-erTi kerZo saxe, ama Tu im enis sintaqsisaTvis Seuferebeli, maxin-ji forma) wamoscdaT, magram sixa-ruliT cas eweodnen da medidurad ibRinZebodnen, Tu vinme SeuqebdaT sityvis sinatifes, enawylianobasa da mWevrmetyvelebas, roca TavianT sasiyvarulo Tavgadasavlebs ixse-nebdnen.

Sen xedav amas, ufalo, xedav da dumxar, `sulgrZelo, gulmowyalev da samarTliano~ (fsalm. 102, 8). ai, axlac sazareli ufskrulidan amog-yavs suli (Sdr. fsalm. 85, 13), rome-lic geZebs, radgan Seni sitkbo swyuria, da gulSi ambobs: `Sens saxes veZebdi, ufalo; da kvlavac ganuwyvetliv unda veZebo~ (fsalm. 26, 8). magram ra Sorsaa Seni saxisa-gan is, vinc vnebis pirquS morevSi danTqmula. roca gSordebian da xe-laxla gibrundebian, aq arc maTi nabijebi igulisxmeba da arc Tqveni gamyofi sivrce. gana Seni umrwemesi Ze cxenebs, etls an xomalds eZeb-da? gana xiluli frTebiT gafrinda an fexiT gaudga gzas, raTa Soreul mxareSi gaeflanga da gaeniavebina mTeli Tavisi avladideba, romelic wasvlis win uboZe, tkbilo mamao, raTa ufro metad Segetkbo ukanve Semoqceuli? (netari avgustines na-azrevSi organulad erwymis erTma-neTs saxarebiseuli igavi Ze Secdo-milis Sesaxeb (luka, XV, 11 da Smd.) da plotinis `enneadebis“ erTi pasa-Ji (I, 6, 8). avgustines zogierTi fra-za TiTqos sityvasityviT Targmania plotinis traqtatis miTiTebuli pa-saJisa: `amitom is iqneba ukeTesi mrCeveli da keTilismyofeli Cveni, vinc gvirCevs, gaviqceTo Cvens sam-SobloSi. magram ras niSnavs es `ga-viqceT~? rogor gaviqceT? rogorc odisevsi, romelic grZneul kirkes gaeqca da grZneul kalifsos, miuxe-davad mTeli silamazisa, rasac isi-ni mis mzeras aRuTqvamdnen da fian-dazad uSlidnen fexqveS. Cveni sam-Soblo ki iqaa, saidanac movsul-varT da iqvea mSobeli Cveni. unda gaviqceT, magram ara fexTa siswra-fiT, romelTac miwis erTi kuTxi-dan meoreSi gadavyavarT mxolod an etliTa Tu keTilmavali naviT, ara, unda davxuWoT Tvali, sxva ramiT SevcvaloT xorcieli mzera da ga-vaRviZoT is faruli unari, rome-lic yvela CvenganSi Tvlems, magram romelsac cotani iyeneben mxolod~) ara, bilwi vnebebis morevSi iyo danTqmuli da amitomac Sors iyo Seni saxisagan.

29. uyure, ufalo, Seni Cveuli moTminebiT uyure, ra gulmodgined cdiloben adamis Zeni, mkacrad daicvan es wesebi, asoebsa da marcv-lebs rom exebian, wesebi, romlebic TavianTi maswavleblebisagan SeiT-vises, da rogor ugulebelyofen sulis xsnis im maradiul aRTqmas, Sengan rom miuRiaT (Sdr. blez pas-kali: `kacis grZnobeloba yovelgva-ri wvrilmanebisadmi da misi sruli ugrZnobloba yovelive diadis mi-marT _ sulis ucnauri gaxrwnile-bis niSania~ (`azrebi~, dasax. gamoc. gv. 238)). Tu kacma, romelic icnobs an sxvebs aswavlis am ZvelisZvel wesebs asoebisa da marcvlebis Sesa-xeb, gramatikuli kanonebis sapiris-pirod, umSvinvelad warmoTqva sity-va `homo-s~ pirveli marcvali (ese igi `homo-s~ magivrad rom warmoeTq-va `omo~. romaeli swavlulis nigi-dius figulusis (I s. Zv. w. a.) az-riT, mSvinvis niSnis ugulebelyofa metyvelebisas kulturis dabal do-nes mowmobda), es ufro metad aRaS-foTebs xalxs, vidre is ambavi, rom adamianma, Seni aRTqmis sapirispi-rod, SeiZulos adamiani. TiTqos TviT mosisxle mteric ki ufro saSiSi iyos, vidre mis mimarT gulSi mborgavi siZulvili! TiTqos devnili mteri SeiZleba vinmem ufro sastikad mowylas, vidre mdev-ris guli _ mrisxanebam devnilis mimarT! ra Tqma unda, gramatikul wesebs gulSi ufro Rrmad rodi aqvT fesvi gadgmuli, vidre imis Segnebas, rom sxvas ar unda moeqce ise, rogorc ar isurvebdi, Sen Tvi-Ton mogqceodnen sxvebi (Sdr. maTe, VII, 12).

ra idumali xar `maRalTa Sina~ mdumared damkvidrebulo RmerTo, erTaderTo da diado, Seni uryevi kanonis ZaliT sibrmaves rom uvlen sasjelad bilw gulisTqmaTa mo-nebs! kacs surs saxeli moixveWos mWevrmetyvelebiT. da, ai, meore kacis _ msajulis _ winaSe da uam-ravi xalxis TandaswrebiT, gaSmage-buli siZulviliT utevs Tavis mters da, Tu saerTod ufrTxis raimes, mxolod imas, rom araferi SeeSalos, vTqvaT, umSvinvelad ar warmoTqvas sityva `homo-s~ pirveli marcvali (ix. Sen. 76), magram aras dagidevT sulis siSmages, rasac SeuZlia adamianTa siidan amoSalos adamiani.

30. ai, ranairi cxovrebis zRrubl-ze videqi, me, svedavsili, da ranair asparezze vasparezobdi. ufro me-tad imisa meSinoda, vaiTu barba-rizmi wamomcdes-meTqi, vidre imi-sadmi Surisa, visac am mxriv Cemze ukeT SeeZlo Tavi gaerTmia saTqme-lisaTvis. Sen geubnebi amas, ufalo, da vaRiareb, rom maSin me maqebda is xalxi, visi mowonebac Rirseuli cxovrebis sawindrad mimaCnda. maTi qebiT Tvaldavsili, ver vxedavdi sibilwis ufskruls, romelSiac danTqmuli viyavi `Sens RvTaebriv mzeras mowyvetili da moSorebuli~ (fsalm. 30, 23). da marTlac, ra sazizRari unda vyofiliyavi, Tuki TviT amnair xalxsac vabezrebdi Tavs, radganac urcxvad vcruobdi aRmzrdelebis, maswavleblebisa da mSoblebis winaSe mxolod imitom, rom TamaSi miyvarda, gatacebiT vuyurebdi uazro sanaxaobebs da ymawviluri sianciTa da daudgrom-lobiT vbaZavdi maT. sursaT-sanova-ges viparavdi mSoblebis sakuWnao-dan da tkbileulic amiwapnia suf-ridan, rom piri Camekoklozinebina. saTamaSoebi maT Cemze nakleb rodi uyvardaT. TamaSSi xSirad cbiere-biT vaRwevdi gamarjvebas, TviTon pirvelobis fuWi surviliT Zleuli da damarcxebuli. mokled, ise veq-ceodi sxvebs, rom RmerTis madlo-beli unda vyofiliyavi, Tu TviTo-nac imiTve ar mixdidnen samagieros. magram Tu davinaxavdi, rom arc isi-ni mrCebodnen valSi, uSveri sity-vebiT vlanZRavdi da vaginebdi Cem mier mxilebulT. xolo Tu sxvebi aqeT mamxeldnen, siSmage mipyrobda nacvlad imisa, rom patieba meTxova maTTvis (erTi sityviT, netari av-gustine bavSvobaSi aSkarad ver akmayofilebda miSel montenis di-daqtikur moTxovnebs: `sityvaZunwo-ba da Tavmdabloba sxvebTan urTi-erTobisas fasdaudebeli Tvisebebia. ymawvili unda mivaCvioT imas, rom Zunwad da xelmomWirned xarjavdes mis mier SeZenil codnas; kamaTis sagnad ar aqcevdes misi Tandaswre-biT wamoroSil royio sityvas, sib-riyves Tu sisuleles, radganac imis xelaRebiT gmoba, rac ar mogv-wons, ukadrisi saqcielia. dae, Tavi-si Tavis gamosworebas dasjerdes da sxvas nu hkicxavs imis gamo, rac TviTonve saZraxisad miaCnia; dae, win nu aRudgeba sayovelTaod gavr-celebul wes-Cveulebebs. `SeiZleba mravlismcodne iyo qedmaRlobisa da ampartavnebis gareSe~. nuravin Seatyobs yoyoCobasa Tu yoyloCino-bas; dae, Tavi aaridos bavSvur pativmoyvareobas anu tol-sworebSi gamorCevisa da maTi daCrdilvis survils...~ (`esseebi~, I, XXVI, bavSve-bis aRzrdisaTvis)).

da amas hqvia bavSvuri umankoeba? (Sdr. Jan de la bruieri: `bavSvebi kadnierni arian, Tavxedni, gulficx-ni, Surianni, cnobismoyvareni, anga-riSianni, zarmacni, Tavqarianni, mxdal-ni, TavSeukavebelni, cbierni, gul-CaTxrobilni; sul mcire ramis gamo tirian an icinian; umniSvnelo wvrilmanic sakmarisia, rom usazRv-ro aRtacebam Tu mwuxarebam Seipy-roT; tkivils ver itanen, sxvas ki daufiqreblad miayeneben tkivils; ukve adamianebi arian~ (fransua de la roSfuko, maqsimebi. blez paska-li, azrebi. Jan de la bruieri, xasiaTebi, frangulidan Targmna b. bregvaZem, Tb. 1994, gv. 260) ara, ufa-lo, ara da ara! neba miboZe, gulax-dilad mogaxseno: yovelive es erTia: bavSvobisas _ aRmzrdelebi, maswavleblebi, kaklebi, burTebi da beRurebi; mowiflobisas _ prefeqte-bi, mefeebi, adgil-mamuli, oqro-vercxli da monebi, _ diax, yoveli-ve es erTi da igivea, mxolod gawkepvlas ufro saSineli wameba cvlis.

rodesac Sen Tqvi, meufeo: `amnai-rebisaa caTa sasufeveli~ (maTe, XIX, 14), mxolod is gsurda, rom Tvinierebis simbolur nimuSad dage-saxa CvenTvis patara balRi.

31. da mainc, madlobas gwirav, ufalo, samyaros uzenaeso da ukeTe-so Semoqmedo, arsTa gamrigev! mad-lobas gwirav da im SemTxvevaSiac ki Semogwiravdi, sulac rom ar genebebina, ukan mometovebina yrmo-bis asaki, radgan me maSinac varse-bobdi, vcocxlobdi, vgrZnobdi da imazedac vzrunavdi, rom Cemi TviT-myofadoba SemenarCunebina _ niSati im uidumalesi erTobisa, saidanac viReb dasabams (Sdr. markus averli-usi: `yovelTvis unda iazrebde sam-yaros, rogorc erT arss _ erTar-sebas da erTi suliT mosils; yovelTvis unda gaxsovdes, rogor daiyvaneba yvelaferi mis erT Segr-Znebamde, rogorc moiqceva yofad yoveli misi erT swrafvad qceuli nebiT, rogor iqceva yvelaferi is, rac aris, Tanamizezad imisa, rac unda iqnas, da dasasrul, rogoria kavSiri da Tanafardoba saganTa Soris~ (`fiqrebi~, IV, 40). `yvelafe-ri erTmaneTs ewvnis, yvelafers wminda kavSiri hkravs, da ara aris ra, SeiZleba iTqvas, raime ucxo da uTvistomo saganTa da movlenaTa xomlSi, radgan yvelafers erTi da igive wesrigi awesrigebs da yvela-feri erTsa da imave samyaros amkobs. da marTlac, erTia yovlis-momcveli samyaro, erTia yovelis-ganmwoni RmerTi, erTia arsi, erTia kanoni, erTia suli da goneba yvela suldgmulis, da erTia WeSmariteba, raki erTia yvela erTgvarovani da erTsa da imave gonebasTan wilnaya-ri arsis srulyofileba~ (`fiqrebi~, VII, 9)... `yvelaferi imdenad arse-bobs, ramdenadac erTs mieltvis. erToba qmnis Tanxmobas da erTsu-lovnebas... martivi, rakiRa erTiania, TavisTavad arsebobs, xolo is, rac rTulia, nawilTa TanxmobiT esw-rafis erTianobas, da imdenad arse-bobs, ramdenadac amas axerxebs~ (netari avgustine, `maniqevelTa zne-obisaTvis~, 6)); Sinagani grZnobis karnaxiT vcdilobdi, uzrunvelmeyo Cemi grZnobebis cxovelmyofeloba (`netari avgustine gulisxmobs aristoteleseuli da stoicisturi fsiqologiis `saerTo grZnobas~. esaa grZnoba, romelic grZnobis organoebiT miRebuli STabeWdile-bebis korelirebas axdens. magram netari avgustine Tavis winamorbe-debze ufro Sors midis da am grZnobas ara marto gareSe STabeW-dilebaTa korelirebis funqcias mi-awers, aramed individis mier saku-Tari Tavis, rogorc subieqtis, SegrZnebis unarsac, subieqtisa, ro-melic aRiqvams am STabeWdilebebs da maT korelirebas axdens. `CemTvis cxadia, rom es Sinagani grnoba ara marto aRiqvams imas, rasac xuTi garegani grZnoba awvdis, aramed ima-sac grZnobs, rom garedan miwvdili masala kidec aRiqmeba mis mier~ (`ma-niqevelTa zneobisaTvis~, 2, 4, 10). _ ix. rusuli Targmanis SeniSvnebi, dasax. gamoc. gv. 231); me Sevxarodi WeSmaritebas _ Cemi ubadruki azriT miRweul aranakleb ubadruki sagne-bis codnas. ar mindoda Sevmcdari-yavi, saucxoo mexsiereba mqonda, gulmodgined veuflebodi sityvas, mxiblavda megobroba, gavurbodi tkivils, siZulvils, umecrebas. vi-Tom ra ar aris amnair arsebaSi gancvifrebisa da aRtacebis Rirsi?

da yovelive es Seni wyalobaa, ufalo! me xom ar mimicia Cemi TavisTvis, _ yovelive es kargia da yovelive esa var me. maSasadame, keTilia, vinc Semqmna da TviTonvea Cemi sikeTe. amitomac madlobas vwi-rav yvela im sikeTisaTvis, romelTa wyalobiTac varsebobdi siyrmiTgan-ve. magram vcodavdi, radgan TviT masSi ki ar veZebdi siamovnebas, simaRles da WeSmaritebas, aramed _ mis qmnilebebSi _ Cemsave TavSi da sxvebSi, rac sxva ara iyo ra, Tu ara tanjvis, mSfoTvarebisa da cTo-milebis saTave (`vinc saganTa mSve-nierebas Wvrets, _ ambobs platoni, _ unda icodes, rom is xatia mxo-lod da mxolod, mxolod Crdili da nakvalevi misi, ris xatadac Seiqmnen mSvenieri sagnebi. amitom ki ar unda mieltvodes, piriqiT, unda gaurbodes maT, radgan vinc maT mieltvis, im Wabukis xvedrs gaizia-rebs ucilod, romelmac, rogorc miTi gvauwyebs, mdinareSi Tavisi mSvenieri saxis anarekls rom moh-kra Tvali, wylis siRrmeSi CayvinTa mis dasaWerad da... uCinar iqna. mis msgavsad, isic, vinc monusxuliviT umzers sxeulTa mSvenierebas da wamiTac ver swydeba mas, sxeuliT ki ara, suliT dainTqmeba gonebisa-Tvis usazarles, urCxuliviT pir-aSkmul ufskrulSi da samudamod iq darCeba TvaldaSretili, aCrdilTa Soris, rogorc hadesSi~ (`enneada~, I, 6, 8)).

madlobas gwirav, netarebav Cemo, Rirsebav Cemo, sasoebav Cemo, Rmer-To Cemo! madlobas gwirav yvela im sikeTisaTvis, rac miwyalobe. maS, SemarCine da SeminarCune isini! ase SeminarCuneb mec da, amrigad imatebs da srulqmnilebas miaRwevs is, rac CemTvis giboZebia. da me samudamod SenTan viqnebi, radgan TviT sicocx-lec Sen miwyalobe.

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