rewards, access to adequate resources, and greater autonomy (Kossek et al. 2005). For
those outside the dominant group within an organization, job satisfaction can be lower,
particularly where they do not have access to equal rewards or advancement opportunities.
In addition, tendencies for people to form in-groups and out-groups can affect job
satisfaction, and impinge on supervisor, subordinate and co-worker relations.
Furthermore, by making use of workforce diversity, many organizations seek to improve
marketing capabilities to reflect and to be more responsive to customer demographic
change (Cox and Blake 1991).
HR diversity management practices
HRM is a set of distinctive activities, functions and processes that are aimed attracting,
directing and maintaining an organization’s human resources (Lado and Wilson 1994).
The HR function has grown substantially over the past few decades and now covers the
whole gamut of people management processes. There are different views about the nature
of HRM and there exists an enormous variety of HR practices adopted by various
organizations (Boselie, Dietz and Boon 2005). Nevertheless, it is widely recognized that
the key practices of HRM include recruitment and selection, training and development,
performance management and pay (Shen and Edwards 2006).
Recruitment and selection
Empirical evidence suggests that many employees and managers regard diversity
management as being equal to having an equal opportunity for any person to enter the
organization. Many world class organizations have been effective in hiring women and
minorities to mirror the increasingly diverse markets and win over new customers
(Perlman 1992). Managerial attention to increased work force diversity has been mandated
in IBM, Xerox and J. C. Penney (Ted 2005). Digital, Esso and Westpac all set EEO
targets in their HR practices (Kramar 1998). Alcoa recruits and retains high calibre people
through harnessing the creative capacity of its employees. Alcoa creates a work
environment and culture where this creativity will flourish (DIMIA 2002). Allen, Dawson,
Wheatley and White (2004) conducted a survey of 396 employees from a wide variety of
companies in Australia to examine 13 separate diversity practices. Ninety-three per cent of
the companies reported a zero-tolerance level of workplace discrimination in recruitment.
South Africa addresses its past segregation and discrimination policies by way of
Affirmative Action programs demanding the appointment sometimes of a black person
above a better qualified white candidate (Van Jaarsveld 2000). Before the 1979
amendments to the Industrial Conciliation Act (ICA), recruitment, employment level and
access to skilled positions were virtually controlled by established white trade unions in
South Africa. Over the past three decades, due to the wide adoption of tripartite
negotiations, the percentage of blacks and other minorities in management has been
considerably increased (Horwitz et al. 1996).
However, despite several decades of equality legislation and declared commitment to
equal opportunities, there still exists a systematic discrimination in the recruitment and
selection process. Morrison (1992) conducted a survey of managers in 16 ‘model’ US
organizations. He found that most organizations introduced just one approach to equality,
instead of an array of measures intended to make the organizational climate more
supportive. Organizations need to ensure that employment policies and practices provide
developmental opportunities, career planning, reduction of work – family conflict, and
mentoring for disadvantaged groups. Morrison (1992) proposed that managing diversity
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