Phonetics (Greek: phonetikos relating to sound, sounding; sonorous, voiced) 1) methods of formation and acoustic properties of speech sounds in linguistics; syllable, a part of speech that is separated by a pause

1.2.Phonetic division of speech
In speech, sounds are not pronounced separately. They are connected in a certain order. Therefore, speech consists of a collection or a chain connection of consecutive sounds, which is divided into phonetic units that come before and after according to the period of pronunciation. Such division of speech into large and small units is called its phonetic division. Such a division is sometimes called segmentation (from the Latin segmentus meaning a piece). The concept of segmentation means dividing speech into parts. Each piece is called a segment. This division of speech allows to identify large and small segments and to know the order of connection between them. Each phonetic unit has its own articulatory-acoustic and audible properties. Phonetic units are the material side of the language structure, and they, in turn, combine into the basic units of the language (phonemes, morphemes, words and sentences) with the help of identifying similarities and differences and knowing the service in the language.
Speech is divided into phonetic units in the following order: 1) phrase; 2) tacts; 3) joints and; 4) sounds.
The largest phonetic unit divided by a pause on both sides is called a phrase. During the pause, the speaker takes the necessary breath for the pronunciation of the next phrase. A phrase can contain several sentences. A sentence can be divided into several phrases. Because of this, phrases and sentences do not fit together. A sentence is a grammatical (syntactic) unit, and a phrase is a phonetic unit. Phrases are connected to each other using intonation.
The phrase is divided into beats. A tact is a part of a phrase, consisting of the connection of one or more syllables with the help of an accent. The highest part of the tacts connected by an accented syllable is distinguished by a strong pronunciation. Tactics serve to connect meaningful words to words that do not have independent stress. Auxiliaries are connected before and after meaningful words. Their connection from the front side is called proclisis. A word connected by an antecedent is called a proclitic.
For example: Five less than one, five old women; here is a world for you, a flower (Hamid Olimjon), like everywhere else. Backward linking is called an enclise, and the connected unstressed word is called an enclitic. For example, you too, I took it for you, as if there is one, then there is no.
Meaningful words can also perform proclitic and enclitic functions. Such a feature exists in the Uzbek language and is characteristic of semantically connected (ie, lexicalized) word combinations. For example, white snake, white snake, where are you lying in the moon? (from the song). In this place, the words "white, white" are proklitka. Things are good, my friend, good - in this case, the word friend acts as an enclitic in the function of an introductory word.
Tacts are divided into syllables. A beat consisting of one or more sounds is a syllable. The syllable-forming sounds are divided into vowels, sonorous consonants (м, н, л, р) and sliding voiced consonants according to the degree of sound. Danish linguist O. Jespersen classified sounds according to the level of sound. However, his theory of sonority (sonorious - in the Latin meaning of sound) does not sufficiently explain the formation of syllables. The expiratory theory of the syllable proposed by the American linguist R. Stetson (experation - Latin for "breathing") is based on the pronunciation of a sound or a combination of sounds with the force of breath. A syllable is a group of general pronunciation power, in which the level of the voice, that is sonority, breath power, strong and loud pronunciation is embodied. Usually, the number of syllables in a word is determined by the number of vowels in it. This view is not always correct. Consonants can also function as syllables. Because dot vowels form syllables with the help of consonants that come in adjacent positions.
For example: in the word bo-la-lar-i-miz-ga, six vowels form six syllables using adjacent consonants. In English, one consonant can also form a syllable: little /lit-l/ - small, cattle /kæt-l/ - like a pot.
Languages differ according to the structure of the syllable structure. The most common syllable type in Jakhan languages is "consonant-vowel", which is distinguished by its easy pronunciation (like lo-la, ko-ra, so'-na). Syllables are divided into types depending on their final and initial sounds: open (ends with a vowel), closed (ends with a consonant), semi-open (ends with a sonorous consonant) and closed (begins with a consonant).
Words are made up of one or more syllables. Joints are bounded by joint lines. Speech sounds are involved in syllabification and syllabification. The rules and procedures of syllabification vary from language to language.
Syllables are divided into sounds. Articulation of sounds consists of three phases: initial phase - excursion, middle phase and final phase - recursion. In other words, in the pronunciation of sounds, there is a phase of preparation of speech organs for pronunciation (excursion), a phase of pronunciation and a phase of partial return of speech organs to their previous state (recursion). Reversal of articulation phases and partial shortening of the recursion phase are characteristic for the pronunciation of sound combinations. In particular, affricates have such an inseparable articulation that they begin with the pronunciation of explosive sounds and end with a sliding sound. There is one excursion and one recursion in the pronunciation of affricates. Other consonant combinations (for example: kr, pl, tr, st, el) have two recursion and two recursion phases in their pronunciation and are therefore considered sound combinations.