Phonetics (Greek: phonetikos relating to sound, sounding; sonorous, voiced) 1) methods of formation and acoustic properties of speech sounds in linguistics; syllable, a part of speech that is separated by a pause

GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY. PHONETIC DIVISION OF SPEECH
1.1.General information about phonetics and phonology.
Regarding the material (substantial) level of language. Among the linguistic levels, phonetics stands out as the smallest constituent and the level that gives the units that are the material (substantial) basis for the units of other levels.
Speech activity of a person is realized through the system of speech units - sounds or sounds - which are felt on the basis of sensory organs. Speech sounds appear as a complex speech unit combining three aspects. They are as follows:
a) a product of the central nervous system controlled by the organs of speech (physiological aspect);
b) has acoustic nature like any sound in nature (physical, acoustic aspect);
v) speech sounds are a means of information transmission and communication of people (functional, social, linguistic aspect).
The real and important aspect of speech sounds is their functional aspect. In linguistics, there is no uniformity in the issue of studying the three aspects as a whole or researching them separately. Some people put forward the idea that the physiological aspect of speech sounds is the subject of biological science, and the acoustic aspect of physical science, and the linguist should examine only its functional aspect, while others argue that all three aspects are inseparable from each other, and they should be studied as a whole. they rely on the belief that it is necessary. As a result of the struggle of these two views, two fields of phonetics and phonology were separated in linguistics. As a result, phonetics is concerned with the study of speech variants (particularities), and phonology is the study of linguistic invariants (generalities).
Phonetics and its unity. Phonetics refers to the lowest linguistic level and the field of linguistics that studies this level. Unlike other branches of linguistics, phonetics (Gr. phonetikos - characteristic of sound) examines not only the functional side of the learning source, but also the pronunciation apparatus that creates speech sounds, as well as their acoustic properties and aspects of perception by native speakers. In phonetics, the connection of linguistics with other fields of science, such as literature, physiology, physics, and psychology, is more evident. Unlike these disciplines, phonetics considers sounds as an element of the language system that gives material form to words, suffixes, and sentences.
Phonetics also studies sound changes and alternations in speech, accent and its types.
The study of phonetics is of great importance in mastering the norms of spelling (orthography), correct pronunciation (orphoepy), in determining the differences of literary and dialectal pronunciation, in diagnosing and eliminating speech defects in speech therapy and deaf pedagogy. Advances in phonetics play an important role in testing and improving the effectiveness of communication tools and automatic speech recognition.
Sections of phonetics. Phonetics is primarily divided into general, specific and comparative phonetics.
General phonetics. Based on the capabilities of the human pronunciation apparatus, the general conditions for the formation of speech sounds (for example, the differentiation of lip, tongue, throat consonants, according to the method of formation of consonants, instead of the formation of consonants, plosive, (e.g., determination of the properties of plosive, explosive-sliding sounds), as well as general acoustic properties of sounds are studied. It deals with giving internal classifications of speech sounds, based partly on articulatory and partly on acoustic signs, based on universal as well as distinguishing signs. General phonetics. examines their phonetic structure, partial stress and synharmonic issues. General phonetics examines the tools used for intonation (pitch, strength (intensity), length, speed (tempo), pause, timbre).
In special phonetics, the above-mentioned issues are investigated on the example of specific languages. Special phonetics works in such forms as historical phonetics and modern, contemporary phonetics, synchronic phonetics and diachronic phonetics, visual phonetics and experimental phonetics.
In comparative phonetics, the vowels and consonants of several related or unrelated languages, or several dialects and dialects, their phonetic changes and other phenomena are investigated in a comparative aspect.
Comparative phonetics occupies a position between general and specific phonetics.
Phonetic division of speech. Speech consists of phrases (sentences), tact, words, syllables and sounds.
A phrase is often equivalent to a sentence, and is the intonational unity of speech between two pauses. The phrase can be broad or short. If the phrase is wide, it is divided into beats, if it is short, it remains equal to the beat.
A word is a part of speech that is spoken with a special accent. The word comes in a beat or independently.
A syllable is a part of a word that consists of one sound or a combination of sounds and is uttered with one breath. When a syllable consists of one vowel, it becomes equal to a sound.
A sound is the last point of phonetic division and is not divided into other parts.
Phonology. The term phonology (Greek rhone - sound, logos - teaching) appeared in linguistics at the end of the 19th century due to the need to distinguish the physiological-acoustic (physical) from the functional (linguistic) side of speech sounds. Phonology is a field that studies the structural and functional laws of language sound construction, and differs from phonetics, which studies speech as a semiotic (signal) system in the acoustic-articulatory aspect.
Just as the unit of phonetics is the speech sounds given in direct observation, the unit of phonology is the social perception of the speakers about the sound type underlying these speech sounds given in direct observation. Each phoneme lives in the minds of people as a special "acoustic portrait" or "sound image" created on the basis of common distinguishing features. These distinguishing signs are formed and stabilized on the basis of articulatory and acoustic signs of sounds.
Three sides of the phoneme are distinguished: acoustic (hearing), physiological or articulatory (pronunciation and pronunciation), social (separation of meaning). Of these, the third aspect is crucial. Modern phonology takes into account only this aspect. Because acoustic and articulatory-physiological aspects are directly related to speech.
Phonemes, like other linguistic units, live in paradigmatic and syntagmatic relationships. These are called phonological paradigmatics and phonological syntagmatics.
A series of phonemes of the same type, which have opposite signs, but are united on the basis of common, integral signs, is called a phonological paradigm, and the mutual relations of phonemes are called phonological paradigmatic relations.
Phonological conflicts are at the heart of the phonological paradigm. Phonological contrasts (oppositions) represent different signs of phonemes. For example, vowel phonemes in the Uzbek language have one common feature - "types of sounds produced by the unobstructed exit of the sound in the oral cavity as a result of air coming from the lungs hitting the vocal cords" and the invariant property Also applies to 6 vowel phonemes. However, under this essence, united phonemes conflict with each other and form small groups. [i] and [u] are contrasted with phoneme groups [e] and [о'] with the "upper narrow" character and [a] and [o] with the "lower wide" character. Or the group of phonemes [i], [e], [a] with the "unlabbed" sign is opposed to the group of [u], [o'], [o] with the "labbed" sign. In turn, the members of the group [i], [e], [e] contradict each other on the basis of their own characteristics.
Different types and forms of phonological conflicts are distinguished in linguistics. N.S. Trubetskoy in his work "Fundamentals of Phonology" classifies phonological conflicts according to three bases:
Classification of phonological conflict according to its relation to the conflict system.
In this case, conflicts are divided into one-dimensional and multi-dimensional, regular and isolated conflicts. In one-dimensional contrast, phonemes are contrasted on the basis of one character. For example, one of the phonemes [i] and [u] is not labialized and the other is labialized, and they are opposed according to the property of "labializedness".
In a multidimensional conflict, the members of the conflict are contrasted on the basis of more than one sign: in the conflict [i], [o], [i] is closed and not lipped, while [o] is semi-closed, lipped.
In a regular conflict, the conflicting members are opposed on the basis of their own characteristics: the conflict "[i]-tor [o]-keng" is a regular conflict. In this case, the phoneme [i] has a "narrow" character, and the phoneme [o] has a "wide" character. The conflict "[i] (narrow) [o] (not narrow)" is not regular. Because the sign of contradiction is clear in the first term, but not in the second term. If the sign of the second term in the conflict was "broad", the conflict could be called a regular conflict.
A conflict based on divisions of one sign is called a split conflict. Note the following two contradictions:
In the first conflict, the sign of conflict is divided, separated, and in the second there is no such case.
Classification of conflicts according to the relationship between members. According to this, privative (incomplete), gradual, (level), equal value conflicts are distinguished.
In the first classification, conflict types are distinguished according to the character of the conflict sign, while in the second classification, the classification is made according to the relationship of phonemes to the members of the conflict.
According to the level of stability, conflicts are divided into stable and unstable types. In stable contrast, the contrast in phonemes remains regardless of the speech situation. For example, when a front vowel is accompanied by a back consonant, it appears as a back consonant. In this case, the conflict between the vowel [a] and the back vowel [u] is weakened.
A phonetic position that provides a non-neutralized state of unstable conflict is called a strong position. For example, the phoneme [b] is not voiceless at the beginning of the word, and in this position its contrast with the phoneme [p] is preserved. This is a strong position. A position that leads to neutralization, extinction, is a position of weakness. Therefore, a conflict in such a position is called an unstable conflict. The contrast between vowels and consonants is an example of stable conflict. Or, instead of the place of appearance of consonants, the contradictions of vowels according to the properties of narrowness and width are also stable contradictions. According to the labial sign, the [o'-e] system is also built on the basis of stable conflict.
So, the phonetic paradigm of the Uzbek language means a system consisting of phonetic elements, each of which has its own characteristics, united under a stable common sign. This wholeness or paradigm is made up of small wholes, internal paradigms-microsystems, which form a commonality with some of its characteristics and differ from other commonalities with the characteristics that are the basis for this commonality. These systems are paradigms of vowel and consonant phonemes. If the common features of the members of these sub-paradigms ensure that they form this system, the distinguishing features lead to the division of this internal paradigm into smaller parts. The voiced consonant paradigm is the same as the unvoiced consonant paradigm.