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coming years. LNG, which entered the global gas market from the 1960s,
made up only 6.6% of the total gas trade in the 1970s. But in 2017 this
figure is now more than 40% due to technology development and financial
change [12] and it is expected that this figure will soon rise further. (LNG-
natural gas is reduced to 600 degrees, reduced to -162 degrees [13, p. 14].
Currently, 737 billion cubic meters of world gas trade is transported via
pipelines, and 345 billion cubic meters are transported by tankers in the
form of LNG. 16% of world LNG imports fall on the European region. The
largest LNG exporter Qatar exports annually to Europe 25 billion cubic
meters, Algeria 15 billion cubic meters, Nigeria, Peru and Trinidad and
Tobago together produce 14 billion m3 of LNG gas [3]. Given all this, it is
possible to form an alternative force in Russia in Europe with the
development of this field in the future.
It is clear that existing energy relations between the EU and Russia are
not part of the perspective energy doctrines of the parties. That is, the
current situation contradicts their policy of pursuing them in the future.
Even as EU countries are dependent on Russia from energy pricing, Russia
is also economically dependent on the European markets, which directly
transfers itself to the budget. Europe is already making serious strides in
dealing with Russia. The political processes in the world, the creation of
new conflicts, the control of the Middle East, the policy of repressing
Russia on its borders, and the diversification tendencies in Europe should
be regarded as reducing the role of Russia. Russia, in its turn, seeks to
strengthen its "close circle" in the "Cold War", to
protect strategic zones, to
speak in the political arena, and to form a new energy market in the case of
alternative Far East economies in Europe. In 2000, when Vadimir Putin
came to power, the energy factor became Russia's most important strategic
weapon. It is no coincidence that Russia's energy strategy has been
approved by 2030. According to this document, the main objective of
foreign energy policy is to maximize the use of energy resources to
integrate Russian energy potential into world markets and to achieve the
highest possible gains for the national economy [14, p. 55]. Based on the
2009 three-dimensional strategy:
1. The consequences of the 2008 crisis should be completely
eliminated in 2013-2015 and the energy sector should be
modernized;
2. New hydrocarbon deposits should be established in Russia's Far
East and Eastern Siberia in 2015-2022;
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3. The dependence on energy carriers in the economy in 2022-2030
should be reduced and the share of alternative energy sources
should be increased [15].
The energy strategy aims to increase Russia's oil exports to the Far
East by 2030 from 6 to 25 percent and gas exports from 0 to 20 percent
[14, p. 23].
One of the main obstacles to Europe's energy supply and Russia's
challenges over time is the problem of transit. Since the western-oriented
management system, which came to power in Georgia and Ukraine in
colored revolutions in 2003 and 2004, did not respond to Russia's interests
with NATO and the EU integration process, it is now more politically
advantageous to use gas from Europe in the energy policy since 2005
"Strategy began to play a role. From this period, Russia's gas supplies to
Ukraine, as well as Europe, have been severely damaged by the cut-off of
gas supplies. As a result of the five-day war against Georgia in 2008, new
conflicts are being set up, and in January 2009, Ukraine's gas supplies to
Ukraine are completely cut off. Following these processes, relations with
Yanukovych's coming to power in Ukraine in 2010 are normalized. An
agreement to extend the term of the Russian military base of the
Sevastopol military base in Crimea for 25 years is also under way [16].
Even the price of gas sold to Ukraine is reduced from $ 400 to $ 285 (later
up to $ 485). Yanukovych leaves the country in early 2014 and on May 25,
western-oriented Petro Poroshenko comes to power. The Crimea is
occupied, a full war situation is emerging, and gas supplies to Ukraine are
stopped again in June 2014 with the signing of a free trade agreement
between the EU and Ukraine. The reason was that this contract was
damaging the relationship and that the most substantial $ 4.5 billion was
debt. Although Ukraine does not pay a portion of this debt, the existing
problem is still going on. At the beginning of 2015, NaftoGaz and
Gazprom are negotiating a gas delivery system based on the "prepayment"
system, which means gas is exported as much as the volume of paid gas,
and gas is stopped when this volume is exhausted. And again
on November
25, 2015, it was suspended due to the agreement on gas supplies to
Ukraine.
As you can see, the tensions between Ukraine and Russia have a
serious impact on European countries. Because Russia exports 49% of its
oil and gas through Ukraine. In times of conflict, the countries that suffer
are mainly South-Eastern Europe, and 80-100% of countries such as
Poland, Bulgaria, Slovakia, Romania, the Czech Republic, and others,