Birth of the Liberal Creed [
143 ]
that act carried—only to be replaced by more, not less, paternalism in
regard to the Poor Law. Pauperism still remained the concern of squire
and countryside; and even harsh critics of Speenhamland like Burke,
Bentham, and Malthus regarded themselves less as representatives of
industrial progress than as propounders of sound principles of rural
administration.
Not until the 1830s did economic liberalism burst forth as a cru-
sading passion and laissez-faire become a militant creed. The manu-
facturing class was pressing for the amendment of the Poor Law, since
it prevented the rise of an industrial working class which depended for
its income on achievement. The magnitude of the venture implied in
the creation of a free labor market now became apparent, as well as the
extent of the misery to be inflicted on the victims of improvement. Ac-
cordingly, by the early 1830s a sharp change of mood was manifest. An
1817 reprint of Townsend's
Dissertation contained a preface in praise of
the foresight with which the author had borne down on the Poor Laws
and demanded their complete abandonment; but the editors warned
of his "rash and precipitate" suggestion that outdoor relief to the poor
should be abolished within so short a term as
ten years. Ricardo's
Prin-
ciples, which appeared in the same year, insisted on the necessity of
abolishing the allowance system, but urged strongly that this should
be done only very gradually. Pitt, a disciple of Adam Smith, had re-
jected such a course on account of the innocent suffering it would en-
tail. And as late as 1829, Peel "doubted whether the allowance system
could be safely removed otherwise than gradually."* Yet after the polit-
ical victory of the middle class, in 1832, the Poor Law Amendment Bill
was carried in its most extreme form and rushed into effect without
any period of grace. Laissez-faire had been catalyzed into a drive of un-
compromising ferocity.
A similar keying up of economic liberalism from academic inter-
est to boundless activism occurred in the two other fields of industrial
organization:
currency and
trade. In respect to both, laissez-faire
waxed into a fervently held creed when the uselessness of any other but
extreme solutions became apparent.
The currency issued was first brought home to the English com-
munity in the form of a general rise in the cost of living. Between 1790
and 1815 prices doubled. Real wages fell and business was hit by a
* Webb, S. and B„
op. cit.