Beljaev, A.V., Georgiadi, A.G., 2009, Srednij godovoj stok v optimumy poslednego mezhlednikov'ja i
golocena. p.29. Paleoklimaty i paleolandshafty vnetropicheskogo prostranstva Severnogo
polusharija. Pozdnij plejstocen – golocen. Atlas –monografija. Pod.red.prof.A.A.Velichko.
Moskva, 120 P.
Karevskaja, I.A., 1999, Sporovo-pyl'cevoj analiz pri paleogeograficheskih i geomorfologicheskih
issledovanijah. M.:IGiRGI. 113 P.
Kuprijanova, L.A., Aleshina, L.A., 1978. Pyl'ca dvudol'nyh rastenij flory evropejskoj chasti SSSR/
Leningrad: Nauka, 184 P.
Munchaev, R.M., 1975. Kavkaz na zare bronzovogo veka. Neolit, jeneolit, rannjaja bronza. M. Izd-vo
Nauka, 415 P.
Narimanov, I.G., 1987, Kul'tura drevnejshego zemledel'chesko-skotovodcheskogo naselenija
Azerbajdzhana (jepoha jeneolita VI-IV tys. do n.je.). Baku. Jelm, 200 P.
Narimanov, I.G., Ahundov T.I., Aliev, N.G. , 2007, Lejlatepe. Poselenie, tradicija, jetap v jetno-kul'turnoj
istorii Juzhnogo Kavkaza. Baku, 127 P.
Taghiyeva, Ye.N., 2009, Projavlenie processa opustynivanija na territorii Azerbajdzhana v golocene.
«Problemy osvoenija pustyn'». Ashgabad, №3-4, p. 22-25.
Velichko, A.A., Faustova, M.A., 2009, Razvitie oledenenij v pozdnem plejstocene.p.32. Paleoklimaty i
paleolandshafty vnetropicheskogo prostranstva Severnogo polusharija. Pozdnij plejstocen
– golocen. Atlas –monografija. Pod.red.prof.A.A.Velichko. Moskva, 120 P.
292
THEME IX
Sustainable Development, Disaster
And Risks Of The Caspian Sea
Region
Sustainable development, disaster and risks of the Caspian Sea Region.
Ahadova Aygun
Keywords: Caspian sea, pollution, degradation, extraction, ecological situation, inland
waters
The Caspian Sea is the largest world's inland water reservoir and comprises 44 % of world
lake water. Although the surface area varies depending on the level deviation (10-20 %),
the average surface area is 370,000 square kilometers, which is more than the size of
other lakes. The geo-strategic position of the Caspian Sea is of great importance for
Azerbaijan and the region as a whole. Caspian oil plays a special role in the economic
recovery of the countries in the region, with large oil and gas deposits. In the intensive
development of hydrocarbon reserves, the protection of the biodiversity of the sea and
the improvement of its ecological situation are in the center of attention.
It should be noted that the problems of the Caspian Sea environment are one of the main
factors affecting the sustainable development of the region. In this regard, Azerbaijan
attaches great importance to the expansion of mutual cooperation based on the
principles of common approach for a broader settlement of these problems, taking into
account the seriousness of environmental problems in the Caspian region and their
impact on socio-economic development. Among these problems , the damage caused by
contamination, marine transport and oil and gas extraction are serious problems. In
addition, the level of the Caspian Sea level, as well as the serious problems, causes the
destruction of flora and fauna and other facilities.
Pollution by rivers.
In addition to the level of devastation in the Caspian Sea problem, the pollution of
seawater pollution and associated environmental degradation are the most important
problems of the recent period. The rich natural resources and the importance of
treatment have historically caused a large number of people around it. Up to 130 rivers in
the Caspian Sea carry 300 cubic kilometers of water per year. Twelve billion cubic meters
of waste water flows into the Volga River annually. All ecological problems of Russia's
major industrial region are brought to the Caspian through Volga. 95% of hazardous
substances are transported to Volga. There are 145,000 tons of oil, 1353 tons of phenol,
1,160 tons of zinc and other substances. The Kur and Araz rivers bring to the Caspian all
the flows of the South Caucasus, though 70% of Azerbaijan's population uses it for
drinking water. .m and Kur bring 522 million cubic meters of water to the Caspian. As a
result of emissions of pollutants, flowing rivers, 80% of the Caspian Sea water flows
through the Volga River in Russia, as a result of industrial and communal flows.
Anthropogenic activity by Russia and Kazakhstan also increases the amount of radioactive
waste in the Caspian Sea. To prevent this, the monitoring of the sea situation, the
information structure of the observation system, identification and assessment of
environmental changes, and most importantly, are the creation of structures to calculate
the anthropogenic factors in the background of natural processes.
293
Contamination by sea transport
At the same time, exploitation of offshore oil fields and transportation of oil products,
and sea transport also pollute the Caspian waters.
Samples taken from offshore bottoms have been identified as oil products, phenols, and
mercury in some regions. The most polluted bay of Baku, where pollution of the
groundwater sediments leads to the reduction of organisms and benthos and in some
cases, dip fauna. The pollution of seawater has caused great tension in the ecological
conditions of the Caspian Sea and has created an ecological crisis in some coastal areas.
The ecological conditions of the sea also had a negative impact on the creation of a
number of water reservoirs in the Volga and Kura basins. This led to a sharp decrease in
the amount of water, and on the other hand deprived a number of precious species of
traditional caviar.
Pollution caused by oil and gas extraction.
The most polluted areas in the sea are at the same time environmental crisis areas. Such
areas include Aktau, Baku, Sumgayit, Makhachkala, Turkmenbashi, and offshore oilfields.
When discussing the pollution of the Caspian Sea, the following features should be taken
into account: Firstly, uneven distribution of wastewater leads to serious pollution of
separate seas. Secondly, the coastal pollution is carried from one zone to another and
polluted. Taking into consideration that the waste is accumulated on the top of the water
- when it comes to the "water-atmospheric" zone, it is necessary to note that more
polluted areas of the sea have been polluted.
The most dangerous contamination for the Caspian Sea is pollution with hazardous
chemicals. These include oil hydrocarbons, hydrocarbons, carbohydrates, chlorine organic
compounds, and heavy metals. Oil hydrocarbons play a major role in sea pollution. The
conversation is about the sea oil industry and subsea oil pipes covering the Absheron
peninsula and half of Manchislau. Although the appearance of oil spills in the sea at times
was considered as a science and technique, some scholars have given full coverage to the
possibility that it will cause harmful consequences in the near future. Though over half a
century has passed, these ideas are justified and we are witnesses that the Caspian has
become a global problem. Its ecological situation now bother the whole world. Baku is
the dirtiest part of the Caspian Sea. It is no coincidence that he has gained the status of
"dead biscuit" biologically.
Compared to the eastern and western parts of the sea, the level of contamination in the
north is relatively small. The role of Volga and other river-water reservoirs in the
protection of the Caspian lake environment, especially in the wastes, is great. At the
same time, the sediments of the Caspian Sea and its physical, chemical and biological
treatment processes are also important. In the middle and southern regions, the
temperature (normality) increases the speed of chemical reactions in the water, and
ultimately, the sea water is self-sufficient.
Anthropogenic pollution in the coastal strip of the Caspian Sea
294
Dostları ilə paylaş: |