Zaporozhyan state medical university departement of infectious diseases

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severe exhaustion may appear, children may have delay of mental and physical 

development. 

ANCYLOSTOMIDOSES 

Specific diagnosis. Feces or duodenal content are examined with method 

of native smear on a large glass with the aim of discovery ancylostomid eggs. 

Treatment. Levamisole (120 -150 mg before sleep, one time), 

mebendazole (100 mg 2 times a day during 3 days), albendazole (400 mg one 

time), pyrantel pamoate (11 mg / kg body weight one time a day during 3 days). 

Ferrum medicines for treatment of ferric-deficiency anemia prescribed per os or 

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parenteral. It is necessary to prescribe folic and ascorbic acids simultaneously. At 

obvious allergic reactions antihistaminic medicines are used. 

Prophylaxis. Discavery and treatment of patients, sanitary measures, 

personal hygiene. In focuses of ankylostomiasis you should not walk barefoot and 

lay on the ground. The soil infected with helminthes are covered salt through each 

10-15 days. 

 

STRONGYLOIDIOSIS is the intestinal nematodosis, anthroponosis, 

percutaneus and peroral geohelmintosis. 

Etiology. Agent - Strongyloides stercoralis. Male has the length 0,7 mm and 

width 0,04 – 0,06 mm. The female length 2,2 mm, width 0,05 × 0,03 mm. 

Development of helminth takes place without intermediate owner. Pubertal female 

are localized in the thick part of mucose tunic of duodenum, at intensive penetraits 

into stomach, mucose tunic of intestinum tenue, pancreatic and biliary ducts. 

Inseminated females lay eggs. From eggs appear larvas. The larvas get to the 

external environment with exrements, where they transformed into filarideus larvas 

(homogonia) or into free-living pubertal males and females (heterogony). They can 

lay eggs. Filarideus larvas may repeatedly invase the sick man, penetrate into 

mucose tunic of intestine or skin perianal region (autosuperinvasion). 

Epidemiology. The sick man is a source of infection. Contaminated soil is 

the source of infection (percutaneus way) penetrating through skin. There are 

alimentary way (if the patient eats fruits and vegetables), water way and 

intraintestinal autoinfection. Strongyloidosis is widely spread in the countries of 

east and south Africa, south-east Asia, South America. 

Pathogenesis.  At infection  through the skin larvas penertait into the tissue 

through the sweaty glands and hairy follicles into bloody and lymphatic vessels. 

The larvas penetrait into the heart and then into lungs with the current of blood and 

lymph. Through alveolas, bronchus, trachea larvas penetrait in the mouth cavity 

and then are swallowed and penetrate into intestine. Intestinal phase develops in 

20-30 days after contamination.  

Symptoms and course. There are such stages in clinical course - early 

(acute, migratory) and late (chronic, intestinal). Incubation period is short, in 1-2 

days appear dermal sings, dermal itching, nettle rash (urticaria) or papula, local 

edemas, appear eosinophilic infiltrates. Nausea, dull pains in epigastrium, 

constipations or alternation of constipation with diarrhea may be noticed. At 

obvious manifestations may appear nausea with vomiting, acute pain in 

epigastrium or in stomach, periodic diarrheas up to 5-7 times a day. Liver is 

enlarged and indurated. In peripheral blood eosinophillia is revealed up to 70-80 

%, at long invasion secondary anemia appears. At a serious forms of 

strongyloidosis diarrheas a permanent. Organism dehydration, serious secondary 

anemia, cachexia may appear. Headache, dizziness increased fatiguability may 

appear (nervous system). Symptoms of duodenitis, enterocolitis, rarely 

angiocholitis and hepatitis are observed. If there is no treatment helminthosis has 

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long, chronic course. In the late (chronic) stage of the disease the symptoms appear 

in 4-5 weeks. 

STRONGYLOIDES 

 

There are clinical forms of strongyloidosis: intestinal, allergotoxic, duodeno-

gastro-vesical, mixed. There are three stage of desease: mild, middleserious and 

serious. There is also asymptomatic form. The patient complains of loss of 

appetite, belching, heart-burn, nausea, vomiting, pain in different parts of the 

stomach, stool disorder at intestinal and duodeno-gastro-vesical forms. Diarrhea is 

the main symptom. Stool may be up to 15-20 times a day, watery, sometimes with 

admixture of mucus and blood.  

Allergotoxic form is characterized by urticaria, dermal itching, myalgia, 

arthralgia. Some patients have allergic myocarditis, bronchitis, asthenovegetative 

syndrome, polyarthralgia as manifestation of allergia. Affection of digestive tract 

at this form of the disease is manifested by moderetely expressed dyspeptic 

disorders and abdominal pain. 

Complications. Ulcerous affection of intestine, perforating peritonitis, 

necrotic pancreatitis, intestinal bleeding, miocarditis, meningoencephalitis, 

asthenic syndrome, cachexia. 

Diagnosis. Diagnosis is confirmed at finding of parasite larvas in duodenal 

contents and in excrements, made according to Berman's method. Berman's 

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sible to find larvas and pubertal parasites in sputum 

and ur

sory observation are 

recom

 sick man, organisation of sanitory 

measures, observance the personal hygiene. 

method is based on thermotropism of larvas (ability of the active exit from feces 

into the warm water.). It is pos

ine in the migrate stage. 

Treatment. Etiotropic therapy - albendazol, carbendacim, mebendazol. 

Albendazol is prescribed 400-800 mg a day, 1-2 times, during 3-5 days. 

Carbendacim and mebendazol are taken per os 10 mg / kg a day 3-5 days. It is 

recommended to do 1-2 course of etiotropic therapy. It is also recommended 

desensitizing medicines and spasmolytics. The treatment is effective if at the 

secondary examination of excrements and bile, which are made in 1-2-3 months 

after treatment, the parasite larvas are not found. Dispan

ended for 6 months with monthly control examination. 

Prophylaxis. Finding and treatment

 

TRICHINELLOSIS is a nematodosis, peroralis biohelminth, accompanied 

by fev

he some organism of the animal is for 

Trichi

hinellosis is spread everywhere, receptivity 

is high

for 5-10 years. The 

larva m

er, muscle pain and allergic manifestations. 

Etiology. Agent of this disease is Trichinella spiralis. The body length of the 

female is 1,5-0,8 mm before insemination and 4,4 mm after insemination, the body 

length of male is about 2.2 mm. The parasite body is round and narrow in front. 

The male died after insemination. Just t

nella final and intermediate owner. 

Epidemiology. Domestic and wild animals are the source of infection. The 

wild animals (wolves, foxes, boars, badgers, bears, etc.) are the source of infection 

in natural focus. Rats, pigs are the source of infection in synatropic focus. 

Contamination may be due to eating of raw meat or not enough thermal treatment 

of pigs or wild animals meat (boar, bear). Trichinellosis is noncontact helmintosis 

and the sick man is not dangerous. Tric

, season – summer and autumn.  

Pathogenesis. There are two stages in the development of invasion: 

intestinal and migration. Into the man’s organism parasite get with animal meat, 

which contains alive larvas in capsule. The capsule dissolves under the action of 

gastric juice, larvas in intestinum tenue penetrate into mucosal layer. Female begin 

to product alive larvas in 4-7 days. From intestine larvas are spreading into 

organism by blood the migration stage begins. Further development of parasite 

may be only in transversostriatal muscles. In skeletal muscles infiltrates are formed 

which make a capsule around larva from connective tissue. Inside the capsule larva 

develops to invasion larva. In capsule larva remains viability 

igration is accompanied by common allergic reaction.  

Symptoms and course. Incubative period lasts from 10 to 25 days. The. 

typical symptoms - edema of eyelids and face, muscular pains, fever, polymorphic 

itching rash, eosinophillia. Myalgia of different localisation is typical during the 

first days of disease: pain in ocular masticatory muscules and in tongue, back, legs. 

This pain is absent during the complete rest and appears at the movement, or 

palpation of muscles. At the same time fever raises to 39-40 °C and may remains 

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