71
Inter-period Journey of the Graphic Design and Its Reflection
on the Thematic Magazines
As far as the Figure 6 is concerned, unlike the Figure 5 in which all the elements which
should be seen in a graphic design is used correctly, it is seen that there is a humiliation to the
female object due to the popular culture and consumption sense and there is simplification
and standardization in terms of the graphic design.
All these tendencies, the ineffective typography of Figure 6, color chaos, the female image
shadowing the typography show the cultural and political change that the magazine
experienced during the process (1919-2010).
5. Conclusion
It could be said that the economic and politic structures have changed and transformed across
the world following the Industrial Revolution. The graphic designs concept has lost its
identity due to the turmoil it is included, which paves the way for the creation of the products,
which are popular and marketable without any graphic elements. This caused the deformation
for the graphic design and due to the deformation graphic design is no more a branch of art
and it has become one of the marketing criteria.
The study named “Inter-period Journey of the Graphic Design and Its Reflection on the
Thematic Magazines” aims to underline the deformation by means of examples in the light of
the references. All the explanations, descriptions and exemplifications are carried out within
the scope of this sense.
Regardless of the system running the world, the graphic design is an art. The elitist and
aesthetic sense that it has should never be deformed. As a result of this, the designs created by
the elements only for consuming and advertising emerged. There is an important fraction here
which is that the magazines founded on the basis of the graphic design could not survive (low
circulation rate); and contrarily the emerge of the thematic magazine emerging, developing
and growing in the media sector creating the designs with the purpose of consumption in
order to survive within the capitalist system.
6. References
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72
İlter Alkan
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Dipnot Yay nevi [Ankara: Dipnot Publisher].
Eighteenth Century Relations between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of
Dubrovnik: Questioning Dubrovnik’s Eighteenth Century Decline Paradigm
Zeynep
Arslan
1. Introduction
Many historians believe that the political, military, and trade relations between the Ottoman
Empire and the European city-states reached their pinnacle throughout the 15
th
and 16
th
centuries. This consensus is likely the reason why in the historiography concerning Ottoman
18
th
century affairs Dubrovnik is so rarely discussed, but the affairs of the Ottoman Empire in
the 18
th
century merit more study and review than one would believe. This era of Ottoman
history witnessed not only drastic shifts in dynastic power, social changes, and cultural
reform, but also a series of events that would radically alter human society.
Many academic works about European-Ottoman relations focus on major Italian city-
states, such as Venice, Genoa, and Florence. However, the Ottoman Empire was also active in
the Republic of Dubrovnik, a small city-state whose prowess in trade and diplomacy kept it
afloat, and even the documents that catalogue their relationship often neglect to mention
significant aspects of their relations in the 18
th
century, instead focusing on the 15
th
and 16
th
century. Additionally, the conclusions drawn in these papers—especially ones originating
from Turkey—are hardly in agreement with one another. It is thus pressing for modern
academia to present more detailed, objective accounts of 18
th
century European-Ottoman
relations such that reliable references can be available for those interested in the subject.
The historical literature written so far about 18
th
century Dubrovnik toted the era as a
period of decline for the small city-state. However, the up-to-date chart below indicates no
signs of financial decline throughout Dubrovnik’s history (Chapin, 1973). In fact, the graph
demonstrates a gradual increase in the city’s wealth until the second half of the 18
th
century,
followed by stability until the end of Dubrovnik’s status as a republic (Figure 1). The city
even underwent a strong revival period between 1750 and 1800, but academics have scarcely
noted the Republic of Dubrovnik’s prosperous final years for two main reasons: one, this
portion of the city’s political and economic revival is largely misunderstood, and two,
Dubrovnik is no longer considered a noteworthy city within modern society. Even in the
much-vaunted work of Francis W. Carter (Carter, 1972), Dubrovnik’s
revival period is limited
to between 1800 and 1806, whereas the entirety of the 18
th
century is presented to the reader
as a period of decline.
Figure 1. Source: http://www.hnb.hr/dub-konf/18-konferencija/havrylyshyn-srzentic.pdf.
Accessed December 5, 2015.