In this turmoil, the German economy proved remarkably resilient. Despite a
brief downturn in 2009, it returned to strong growth rates in the turbulent years
of 2010–11. Germany began to play a leading role alongside France in dealing
with EU affairs, including the Eurozone crisis, and by 2015 Merkel appeared to
be one of the most powerful individuals in Europe.
Yet there were also unsettling signs. Merkel’s move to the centre ground, for
long periods in coalition with the SPD – which also shifted increasingly to the
centre – left growing spaces on the political wings. The SPD continued to lose
some of its traditional supporters, while a regrouped left-wing party, the Left
(
Die Linke
), was founded in 2007 from the former PDS and other left-wing
groups. The Left critiqued neo-liberalism and austerity policies, and its support
came from both former East German communist roots – now declining
demographically – and disaffected radical social democrats, as well as younger
casualties of modern capitalism. On the right of the political spectrum, a new
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