Jaguar (
Panthera onca)
Care Manual
18
Association of Zoos and Aquariums
Chapter 2. Habitat Design and Containment
2.1 Space and Complexity
Careful consideration should be given to exhibit design so that all
areas meet the physical, social, behavioral, and psychological
needs of the species. Animals must be well cared for and
presented in a manner reflecting modern zoological practices in
exhibit design (AZA Accreditation Standard 1.5.1). All animals
must be housed in safe enclosures that meet their physical and
psychological needs, as well as their social needs. (AZA
Accreditation Standards 1.5.2, 1.5.2.1, 1.5.2.2). Prior to designing
a new jaguar habitat, institutions should consult the AZA Felid
TAG to identify which AZA felid SSP populations have the
greatest need for additional spaces. This will ensure that your
facility is contributing to increasing the SSP’s long-term
sustainability.
Species-appropriate behaviors: Jaguars, like
all large cats,
exhibit periods of activity (e.g., hunting) followed by usually longer
periods of inactivity (Mondolfi & Hoogesteijn, 1982). The space
should be designed to accommodate this. An environment with
varying heights and obstructions to break up and prevent pacing
patterns is recommended. Jaguars are comfortable in trees and
other elevated locations as well as on the ground. As a result,
enclosure designs should incorporate climbing structures of live,
dead, or artificial trees. Preference should be given to natural,
rather than artificial, materials to encourage claw maintenance to provide better overall comfort as resting
places. The exhibit should have plenty of vertical perching for climbing with real or artificial logs,
branches, or rocks and various high nesting sites. Objects such as Boomer Balls
®
and cardboard boxes
help to promote the natural stalk and pouncing behavior. See Chapter 6 for more information on
promoting species-appropriate feeding and foraging behaviors. The top of the enclosure should have
plenty of natural cover for shade and security. Areas where the jaguars can dig, real wood to allow
scratching, pools to allow swimming, and enrichment-minded cage furniture all help to stimulate natural
behaviors. Conversely, when jaguars are at rest, they often prefer to be in a spot where they are either
hidden from view or high enough to be provided a wide field of vision. Given that most people come to
zoos to
see animals, the latter is often the easiest compromise. Offering psychological cover is an
important component of environmental enrichment, better presents a naturalistic environment, and
promotes better welfare. In the wild, jaguars find shelter in the very dense, almost impenetrable
understory formed by tangled tree roots, low spiny palms, and other plants. During the day, jaguars lie
down and rest, always in deep shade, and usually in thick cover, sometimes in caves under boulders or in
large holes in riverbanks. They have also been known to rest outstretched on thick horizontal tree limbs
(Mondolfi & Hoogesteijn, 1982).
Enclosure size: No specific data are available on inter-individual distances, but providing a minimum of
50% additional space for each additional animal is recommended. This is the
number used for some state
licensing regulations. Trauma from a cage-mate is the most common indicator of a small exhibit, and the
outcome can be fatal. Housing jaguars as singletons with constant enrichment and sufficient space to
exercise or in same-gender or sibling pairings is recommended by the AZA Jaguar SSP Veterinary
Advisor (S. Deem, personal communication, 2007).
The home range of wild jaguar has been established to be 25–38 km
2
(15.5–23.6 mi
2
) for females and
at least double that for males (Schaller & Crawshaw, 1980). Under zoo management, it is strongly
recommended to provide outdoor access for jaguars. Outdoor enclosure size should be no less than 91.4
m
2
(983.8 ft
2
) with 50% additional square footage per each specimen. Indoor enclosures should be no
less than 6.1 m x 4.6 m (20 ft x 15 ft) with 50% additional square footage per specimen. Height for indoor
exhibits should be at least 2.4 m (8 ft), although a height of 3.1–3.7 m (10–12 ft) is recommended. Keep
AZA Accreditation Standard
(1.5.2) All animals must be housed in
enclosures which are safe for the animals
and meet their physical and psychological
needs.
AZA Accreditation Standard
(1.5.1) All animals must be well cared for
and presented
in a manner reflecting
modern zoological practices in exhibit
design, balancing animals’ welfare
requirements with aesthetic and
educational considerations.
AZA Accreditation Standard
(1.5.2.1) All animals must be kept in
appropriate groupings which meet their
social and welfare needs.
AZA Accreditation Standard
(1.5.2.2) All animals should be provided
the opportunity to choose among a variety
of conditions within their environment.
Jaguar (
Panthera onca)
Care Manual
19
Association of Zoos and Aquariums
in mind that these measurements are the recommended minimums
. In 2014, using data from 34 of 47
AZA institutions holding jaguars, the average primary habitat area was more than 241.5 m
2
(2,600 ft
2
).
Secondary, usually off-exhibit, space averaged 49.4 m
2
(531.78 ft
2
); this does not include individual shift
cages or bedrooms, discussed in more detail below (AZA Jaguar SSP Management Group and Advisors,
personal communication, 2014).
Enclosure complexity: As stated previously, high resting areas allow a cat to get above the head level
of the visitor, a less psychologically vulnerable position. Height that has lateral pathways, such as tree
branches, is more useable because it increases the total available square footage. Additional square
footage beyond the base recommendation would be considered optimal to
facilitate introductions and
breeding pairs while reducing potential aggression. Clinical signs that would suggest that an enclosure
may be too small or not complex enough include obesity, lethargy, boredom, and/or self-trauma (AZA
Jaguar SSP Management Group and Advisors, personal communication, 2014).
There should be plenty of visual barriers for the animal to feel hidden from the public. Care should be
taken to note behavioral changes and minimize all conditions causing the animals to display signs of
stress. Loud or repetitive noises, unusual activity, and unknown personnel in off-exhibit or night house
areas may act as potential triggers for aggression. Stability and routine should
be considered positive
environmental modifiers. Behavioral changes indicating stress may include inappetence, aggression, or
refusal to shift. On a visual level, self-trauma is probably the most common indicator. The primary keeper
will usually have the best awareness of any deviation from the normal behavior of each specific animal
under his or her care.
Holding areas, hospital and quarantine spaces must receive the the same careful consideration
regarding exhibit size and complexity and its relationship to the jaguars’ overall well-being as main exhibit
habitat, (AZA Accreditation Standard 10.3.3). Sufficient shade must be provided by natural or artificial
means when sunlight is likely to cause overheating or discomfort to the animals (AZA Accreditation
Standard 10.3.4).
As a result, exhibits and night house
facilities should have
doorways large enough to permit the placement and removal of
landscaping and furniture items (e.g., rocks, deadfall, substrates,
trees, etc.).
Water sources: In the wild, the jaguar is very dependent on
water and consequently has a marked preference for the
immediate vicinity of watercourses and lagoons (Mondolfi &
Hoogesteijn, 1982). Jaguars may be the most water-loving of the felids (Almeida, 1976). Jaguars will
often seek relief from the heat in rivers and have been observed swimming across rivers while carrying a
prey item.
Under zoo management, there should be at least one water source. Pools, ponds, waterfalls, and
streams are recommended for drinking, playing, and temperature regulation. For information on other
drinking water sources, see Section 2.2. Including a water feature in a jaguar exhibit is an important
consideration, but care should be taken in balancing the land to water area. A good
rule of thumb for
water feature size would be 20% or less of the total exhibit area. Water features should contain both deep
(>1 m [3.28 ft]) and shallow areas to stimulate play activity. An aerator may be added to circulate water
for a variety of reasons including freeze prevention. However, care should be taken not to leave
breakable portions of the equipment exposed to teeth and claws (Hall
et al., personal communication,
2015).
Enclosure substrate: Naturalistic exhibits that utilize complex artificial or natural features that enter the
vertical plane, such as connected tree branches, should be considered the optimal design to maximize
available square footage and decrease animal loading in the enclosure. Exhibits should be designed to
reflect the naturally occurring felid behaviors of hunting, resting, territoriality, scent marking, and the
defense of home range against conspecifics.
Jaguars are comfortable on the ground as well as in the trees. As a result, enclosure designs should
incorporate climbing structures of live, dead, or artificial trees. Artificial snags or ledges should be
incorporated into the exhibit design to produce elevated resting sites as well as long distance viewing. At
least one resting site per animal should be provided. The resting site should be large enough to
comfortably allow the cat to stretch out and be stable. Artificial and natural rocks can be utilized to provide
AZA Accreditation Standard
(10.3.4) When sunlight is likely to cause
overheating of or discomfort to the
animals, sufficient shade (in addition to
shelter structures) must be
provided by
natural or artificial means to allow all
animals kept outdoors to protect
themselves from direct sunlight.