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ным дейст- виям, из района, в котором они законно пре-
бывают, в отсутствие оснований, допускаемых между-
народным правом;
e) «пытки» означает умышленное причинение
сильной боли или страданий, будь то физических или
психических, лицу, находящемуся под стражей или под
контролем обвиняемого; но пытками не считается боль
или страдания, которые возникают лишь в результате
законных санкций, неотделимы от этих санкций или
вызываются ими случайно;
f) «принудительная беременность» означает неза-
конное лишение свободы какой-либо женщины, которая
стала беременной в принудительном порядке, с целью
изменения этнического состава какого-либо населения
или совершения иных серьезных нарушений между-
народного права. Это определение ни в коем случае не
истолковывается как затрагивающее национальное за-
конодательство, касающееся беременности;
g) «преследование» означает умышленное и се-
рьезное лишение основных прав вопреки междуна-
родному праву по признаку принадлежности к той или
иной группе или иной общности;
h) «преступление апартеида» означает бесчеловеч-
ные действия, аналогичные по своему характеру тем,
которые указаны в пункте 1, совершаемые в контексте
институ- ционализированного режима систематическо-
го угнетения и господства одной расовой группы над
другой расовой группой или группами и совершаемые
с целью сохранения такого режима;
i) «насильственное исчезновение людей» означает
арест, задержание или похи- щение людей государством
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или политической организацией или с их разрешения,
при их поддержке или с их согласия, при последующем
отказе признать такое лишение свободы или сообщить
о судьбе или местонахождении этих людей с целью ли-
шения их защиты со стороны закона в течение длитель-
ного периода времени.
3. Для целей настоящего Статута понимается, что
термин «гендерный» в контексте общества относится к
обоим полам, мужскому и женскому. Термин «гендер-
ный» не имеет какого-либо иного значения, отличного
от вышеупомянутого.
Introduction
Crimes against humanity have an independent structure
as a separate type of international crime. The attitudes to
the essence and the component elements of crimes against
humanity are different. İn many cases, crimes against
humanity are identified with actions under national criminal
law (for example, crimes against the person).While the object
of crimes against the individual isa certain person or several
persons, the object of crimes against humanity is a broad
mass of people, that is, a civilian population. Alongside with
it, crimes against the person can be committed without any
state plan or policy, without providing for certain methods
and resources, but for committing crimes against humanity,
there must be a state plan and policy and the use of any
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methods and resources. To qualify an act as a crime against
humanity, two important conditions are required:
First, the action must be committed as a part of a
systematic or widespread attack;
Secondly, the action must be committedin the form of a
state or government plan or policy.
Consequently, it can be concluded that crimes against
the person provided for in the domestic legislation of states
can in no way be considered crimes against humanity.
In certain cases, the component elements of crimes
against humanity and crimes of genocide and war crimes
are not distinguished. However, if there is some similarity
between them, each of them is an international crime with
a certainstructure. The genocides and war crimes have been
studied at different times, unlike crimes against humanity,
and significant results have been achieved in connection
with them.Compared with them, crimes against humanity
were studied much less, and today his research is very
relevant.
Crimes against humanity have a number of
characteristics. This type of international crime:
• has a fairly wide composition;
• can be done both in the peace period and during armed
conflicts;
• previously did not have a universal contractual basis,
and basically relied on the norms of customary international
law or on the statutes and regulations of the international
tribunals;
• has very rarely been a subject of the national
prosecutions;
• sometimes is identified with crimes against mankind
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(for example, before the amendments were introduced
in 2001, crimes against humanity in the Criminal Code
of Azerbaijan were called “crimes against mankind”);
on the other hand, crimes against humanity should be
distinguished from genocide and war crimes, with which
they have, to some extent, the similar components. By the
way, the Nuremberg trial itself was characterized as a crime
against mankind.
After the World War II, the definition of “crimes
against humanity” was reflected in the Article 6 of the
Charter of the Nuremberg Tribunal. According to the
Article 6 of the Charter, crimes against humanity include
murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, rape,
torture, persecution for political, racial or religious reasons
committed against the civilians before the outbreak of war
or during the war.Subsequently, crimes against humanity
were widely specified in the statute of the international
criminal tribunals for Yugoslavia and Rwanda, which
were created in anad hoc form. In the Rome Statute of
the permanent International Criminal Court, the scope of
crimes against humanity was expanded in a wider format,
covering 15 criminal offenses. Accordingly, the states
have also expressed the norms relating to crimes against
humanity in their national legislation and intensified their
struggle against them.
Before the adoption of the Statute of the International
Criminal Court, the numerous acts constituting crimes
against humanity were not formulated with specific names,
and were expressed in terms of “other inhuman acts”.As
noted above, the generally recognized components of crimes
against humanity were first published in the Statute of the
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