Electrical industry of burma/myanmar
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- KYAT TRADING RANGE WITH THE US DOLLAR AT MARKET RATES: 1981 – 2008 TBL TABLES ANX ANNEXES CI CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX
- Energy industry definitions and equivalents
- Units used in measuring land and water
- South Asian monetary terms used in currency trading
- KYAT TRADING RANGE WITH THE US DOLLAR AT MARKET RATES: 1981 – 2012
Additional references Data summary: Chipwi Wusauk Phizaw Laikzar Khaunglanhpu Yinan International Crisis Group, 30/11/11. Excerpt. Edited. Myanmar: A New Peace Initiative (Asia Report N°214) p9 and note 39. http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs12/ICG2011-11-30-Myanmar-A_New_Peace_Initiative-red.pdf While the decision [by President Thein Sein to suspend the CPIC’s Myitsone project] affected only the Myitsone dam, China Power Investment Corporation is said to be re-evaluating the entire project, possibly with a view to reconfiguring the cascade of dams. Note 39 cites a ICG interview with a Chinese academic in Kunming in October 2011. NLM, 18/06/11. Excerpt. Edited. http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs11/NLM2011-06-18.pdf The KIA [Kachin Indepence Army] is committing deterrence to development projects of Kachin State, disturbing the tasks, posing threats and disturbance to Chinese staff who are working at hydropower projects. On 16 April, they made threats to stop quarry works on the east bank of the Malikha River and take their permission to continue the works. On 5 May, KIA entered Lahsa hydropower project on the east bank of the Malikha River and threatened Chinese staff to move to the west bank of the river within two days and to withdraw the extended camps from the east bank as quickly as possible. [Compiler’s note: This is the first reference in state media to activity at the site of the Laikzar (Lahsa) project on the Malikha river. It is not clear whether the activity is concerned with survey work or site clearing in preparation for a dam. A cease-fire zone of the KIA appears to be located close to the site on the east bank of the Malikha. Other references in the same article in NLM refer to armed clashes between the Myanmar army and the KIA near the site of the Tapein-1 power dam in the south-eastern part of Kachin State. For further information, see ELEP034. NLM, 08/04/11. Edited and condensed. http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs11/NLM2011-04-08.pdf EPM-1 Zaw Min receives a delegation led by V-P Zhang Xiaolu of China Power Investment Corp (CPI) for discussions of hydropower projects being implemented by the CPI in cooperation with the ministry. The Minister receive PRC Ambassador Li Junhua for discussions on co-operation in hydropower projects between Myanmar and the PRC. NLM, 22/03/11. Edited and condensed. http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs11/NLM2011-03-22.pdf Replying to a question in Parliament from Kachin State representative Zakhun Ting Ring as to what arrangements are being made for the people who live in the area where the Maykha-Malikha hydropower projects are under construction, EPM-1 Zaw Min said that the seven hydropower projects to be implemented in Maykha-Malikha river valleys include the Chepwe, Chepwenge, Wusauk, Khaunglanphu, Yinan, Phizaw and Laiza dams and power stations. Together they will have a generating capacity of 12499 megawatts. It will take 15 years to complete all of them. Currently there are opportunities for locals to work on stone and sand production, building and road construction, civil engineering works in the projects and supplying food for the tens of thousands of workers on the projects. An all-weather 261-mile motorway is to be built from Myitsone to the Yinan dam site and a 170-mile motorway from Myitsone to Laiza. Kachin Independence Organization, 16/03/11. http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs11/KIO-Letter_to_China-red.pdf Text of an ‘open’ letter addressed by Chairman Lanyaw Zawng Hra of the KIO to the Chairman of the Communist Party of China (CPC) with regard to seven hydropower projects under construction by CPI [China Power Investment Corporation] of the PRC and Asia World Co Ltd of Myanmar along the Mali Hka and Nmai Hka rivers in Kachin State. The letter states that the KIO has no objections to six of the planned dams and hydropower plants but appeals to the Chairman of the CPC for assistance in finding a “suitable solution” to the problem created by locating the seventh dam at the confluence of the Mali and Nmai rivers. It describes the Confluence as an important historical and enviromental site of the Kachin ethnic people and says the KIO has appealed to the Asia World Co to enter into discussions with it regarding the location of the dam at the Confluence. While the letter addresses problems created by the relocation of residents in the area to be flooded by the dam at the Confluence, its main thrust appears to be directed at the deteriorating relationship between the KIO and the Myanmar military regime and the problems this could create for dam construction activites involving the CPI’s other projects in upper Kachin State. “17. The leaders of the Military Government’s Northern Command in Kachin State recently informed us that security concerns and other necessary procedures will be launched in the six dam project locations./ 18. We have replied that the Myanmar military troops will not be allowed to invade the area [assigned to the] KIO [by the 1994 cease-fire agreement] under current circumstances./ 19. We also informed the Military Government that the KIO would not be responsible for civil war if war broke out because of hydro power plant and dam construction.” [Compiler’s note: The text of the points quoted has been modified for the sake of clarity. It should be noted that this ‘open’ letter was not made public until at least a couple of months after it was sent. Also, that the ‘military government’ of General Than Shwe was replaced at the end of March 2011 by the ‘union government’ led by President Thein Sein. The letter should be read in the context of the outbreak of hostilities between the KIA and the Myanmar Army in various parts of Kachin State in May and June 2011. In this connection, see recent items in key articles ELEP037, ELEP035, ELEP 034 and other general sources related to political developments in Kachin State. NLM, 24/09/10. http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs09/NLM2010-09-24.pdf EPM-1 Zaw Min meets with V-P Zhang Xiaolu and Chief Engineer Xia Zhong of China Power Investment Corp (CPI) and GM Li Guanghua and party of CPI Yunnan International Power Investment Co Ltd (YPIC) of the PRC. They focus on joint implementation of hydropower projects. International Crisis Group, China’s Myanmar Strategy: Elections, Ethnic Politics and Economics, p. 8 (Beijing, 21/09/10). http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/north-east-asia/B112%20Chinas%20Myanmar%20Strategy%20%20Elections%20Ethnic%20Groups%20and%20Economics.ashx Footnote 88: “China Power Investment Corporation is investing $30 billion in the Shweli-2 hydropower facility.” [In support of this statement the footnote cites 于洪海 [Yu Honghai], 《开发东南亚水电，助力西电东送》， [“Develop Southeast Asian hydropower, support transferring power from Western China to Eastern China”], in 《中国能源报》 [China Energy], 12 May 2010.] Compiler’s note: The reference to CPIC investing in the Shweli-2 hydropower project is an error. The citation almost certainly refers to the network of dams and power plants that China Power Investment Corp is developing on the main rivers in northeastern part of Kachin state. According to published reports, the total megawatt capacity of the eight projects including the Myitson confluence project would total 18,500 MW. At a total of $ 30 billion for the entire program this would work out to approximately $ 1.6 million per megawatt. KNG, 23/07/10. http://www.kachinnews.com/News/Landslides-hit-Chipwi-dam-site-in-northern-Burma.html Incessant heavy rain has triggered landslides which hit the Chipwe dam construction site along the N’Mai Hka river on 21/07/10. Local sources said the landslides occurred in two places where Chinese workers are constructing underground tunnels throgh mountainous terrain along the riverbank. It is not yet known whether there were casualties. As soon as the landslides began, workers at the site ran to safer places, sources said. Landslides have also blocked the highway between Kambaiti, Sadung and Waingmaw. They remain blocked according to residents. [The article is accompanied by a photo of workers in one of the tunnels.] NLM, 07/03/10. http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs08/NLM2010-03-07.pdf EPM-1 Zaw Min reports to the Special Projects Implementation Committee that (among others) his ministry currently has the following hydro electric generation projects involving foreign investment under planning and development: Ayeyawady Myitson - 4100 megawatts; Yinan - 1200 megawatts; Khaunglanphu - 2700 megawatts; Phizaw 2000 – megawatts; (6) Wuhsauk -1800 megawatts; (7) Chipwe - 2800 megawatts; (8) Chipwenge - 99 megawatts; (9) Laikzar - 1900 megawatts. (Compiler’s note: this list repeats the same information that EPM-1 Zaw Min reported to a SPIC meeting in November 2008. See below: NLM 16/11/08)); NLM, 31/12/09. http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs08/Electricity_article-NLM2009-12-31.pdf Completion of the 99-MW Chephwenge hydropower project is targeted for 2011. Kachin Development Networking Group, Resisting the Flood, October 2009. http://www.burmariversnetwork.org/images/stories/publications/english/ResistingtheFlood-1.pdf Work is moving ahead at the Chibwe dam site on the N’mai Hka near Mandung (Mangtong: 25°57' N, 98° 10' E) village, ten miles above the town of Chibwe. Buildings for staff, labourers and government officials and two helipads were built in Mandung in mid-2008. Beginning in late 2008, technicians conductied surveys and collected core samples. Now, work on the main dam is underway. Photos on pp 14 & 15 of the report show evidence of land clearing operations at the dam site and a tiered stone wall near Nan Oo village as well as an artist's 'airscape' of the finished Chibwe dam looking upstream. The millrace and powerhouse are shown on the west bank of the river. The main control gate and spillway are shown on the east bank. China Gezhouba Group, 02/09/09. http://stock.sohu.com/20090902/n266393997.shtml On 30 August, workers of the Gezhouba Group poured concrete for the first warehouse at the Chibwe dam site in [northern] Myanmar. This symbolized the second stage of Chibwe dam's construction, which includes earth excavation and concrete pouring. Chibwe hydropower station is located on the Chibwe river, a tributary of the N'Mai Hka river. The Gezhouba Group has been awarded the contract for construction of the concrete gravity dam which will 47.5m high and 220m long. [Compiler’s note: This is obviously a reference to the Chipwenge project, and not to the Chipwi hydropower project on the N’maikha river.] NLM, 21/06/09. http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs07/NLM2009-06-21.pdf [During a visit to the PRC by SPDC Vice-Chairman Gen Maung Aye, . . . Myanmar Ambassador U Thein Lwin and President of China Power Investment Corporation Lu Qizhou signed an MoA between the Dept of Hydropower Implementation and China Power Investment Corp for the development, operation and transfer of the hydropower projects in the Maykha, Malikha and Upstream of the Ayeyawady-Myitsone river basins and exchanged notes” on 16/06/09. KNG, 13/01/09. http://www.kachinnews.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=699:over-1000-chinese-workers-in-burmas-chibwe-hydropower-project&catid=1:latest-news&Itemid=50 To expedite hydropower projects near Chibwe, about 1,000 Chinese workers have been brought to the project site since late December, 2008, acdg to local sources. The Chinese workers are employed by [companies contracted by] China's China Power Investment Corporation (CPI) together with about 300 Burmese workers of the Asia World Co. The number of Chinese workers has increased significantly from about 300 in early December, 2008. The workers are engaged in survey work along the N'Mai river near Chibwe as well as in preparations for construction of a smaller hydropower plant on Chibwe creek. The Asia World Company is also working on a building -- 300 x 50 feet -- on the Chibwe football ground which will be used [as the centre of operations] for the hydropower projects. Awng Wa of the Kachin Development Networking Group (KDNG) based on the Sino-Burma border told KNG that the Chinese companies under the CPIC were also taking out valuable minerals from the project areas to China while working on the hydropower project. NLM, 16/11/08. http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs5/NLM2008-11-16.pdf At a co-ordination meeting (1/2008) of the Special Projects Implementation Committee in the office of the Commander-in-Chief (Army), EPM-1 Zaw Min gave a brief account of six completed projects, 22 ongoing projects and 15 hydropower projects that call for the approval of the Committee. [Among the the fifteen are] the Yi Nan (1200 megawatts), Khaung-lanphu (2700 megawatts), Phizaw (2000 megawatts), Wuhsauk (1800 megawatts), Chiphwe (2800 megawatts), Chiphwenge (99 megawatts), and Laikzar (1900 megawatts) hydropower projects in Kachin state. [Compiler’s note: There are significant differences in the project list above and those published in NLM on 02/01/07 and 05/05/07. The current list obviously reflects the results of two years of research by field teams financed by the China Power Investment Corp. As indicated in a news report of the Myanmar Times (24/03/08), a feasibility study of the massive project was expected to be delivered by the end of 2008, and the list provided by EPM-1 to the SPIC meeting appears to be in line with the recommendations of that report. Notably, the proposed outputs of several power plants including those at Khaunglanhpu, at Phizaw, at Chiphwe, at Chiphwenge and at Laikzar have been increased. The projects at Pashe and Lakin creek have disappeared. Note the addition of of the 1200-MW Yi Nan project and the omission of the Myitsone dam project. KNG, 22/01/08. http://www.kachinnews.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=68:kachin-villages-told-to-relocate-for-chibwe-hydropower-project&catid=7:news&Itemid=11 Chinese engineers working for the Asia World Company have opened their main office in Mandung, 10 miles north of Chibwe. Locals report that hectic “inspection” activities are underway at three different places along the N'mai Hka watercourse between Chibwe and Sawlaw towns with the use of modern equipment. The company is also constructing roads using several bulldozers and excavators. It has hired thousands of local villagers as general workers at the construction site. A worker earns a minimum of K 5,000 (US $ 4) per day. Pressure is being exerted on villages in the Washapa and upper Nyawngmawpa valleys near the site of of the 2,000-MW Chibwe hydroelectric power project site on the N'mai Hka to relocate away from the project site by the Asia World Co since December. Thousands of Kachins live in the Washapa and Nyawngmawpa valleys which are in the area controlled by the Kachin Independence Organization (KIO) west of the N'mai Hka in the Triangle Area. No village has moved yet. A smaller hydroelectric power project is under construction along the Chibwe Hka near Chibwe town. It will generate 65 MW of electricity that will be used to supply power for the seven other hydropower projects to be built on the Maykha and Malikha. KNG, 14/12/07. http://www.bnionline.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3197&Itemid=6 Eyewitnesses report they have seen excavators and bulldozers and hundreds of hired workers at more than 15 camps of Chinese contractors around the site of the Chipwe (Chahpwi) hydroelectric power project. About 100 villagers from Mangdung, Hpala, Kawngla and five other villages in the area have been taken on working as general workers at the project site. 10 Peking jeeps and four wheeled cars pick take the local workers to and from the construction site. Both young and elderly villagers from the Chipwe and Sawlaw areas are being paid over K 4,000 (US $ 3.1) per day which is much higher than the regular wage. The construction site is seven miles north of Chipwe and the Chinese inspectors are conducting tests in ten sites on both sides of the river banks by drilling stones, workers said. Inspectors are carrying stones from the project site to Tengchong in China's Yunnan Province. The black-coloured stones from the testing site along the river banks are cylindrical, a foot in diameter and three feet long. NLM, 07/05/07. http://mission.itu.ch/MISSIONS/Myanmar/07nlm/n070507.htm Opening of a project office for the Maykha and Malikha Valley and Confluence Region and Chibwe Creek hydropower projects, in Sitapu ward of Myitkyina. EPM No 1 Zaw Min, V-P Shi Chengliang of CPI, Project Manager Niu Xinqiang of Chiangjiang Design Institute (CISPDR), MD Tun Myint Naing of Asia World Co and an official of CPI Southern Branch participated. NLM, 05/05/07 http://mission.itu.ch/MISSIONS/Myanmar/07nlm/n070505.htm (CB) HPID and the China Power Investment Corp (CPI) of the PRC started construction of a hydropower plant on Chebwe Creek in Kachin State on 30 April. The project, which is expected to generate 65 MW is being built to supply power for seven other hydropower projects to be built on the Maykha and Malikha (rivers) amd at the confluence of the Ayeyawady. The seven other projects include the dam at the Ayeyawady confluence (3,600 MW), a 2000-MW project in the Chibwe area, a 1,600-MW-project at Pashe, a 1,400-MW project at Lakin, a 1,500-MW project at Phizaw, a 1,700-MW project at Khaunglanphu and a 1,560-MW project at Laiza, all in Kachin state. Together the projects are expected to generate 13,360 MW. Participants in the ground breaking ceremony included Maj-Gen Ohn Myint, EPM Zaw Min and CPI V-P Shi Chengliang. NLM, 02/01/07 http://mission.itu.ch/MISSIONS/Myanmar/07nlm/n070102.htm EPM-1 Zaw Min met with V-P Shi Chongliang of the China Power Investment Corp (CPIC) at his office here on 28 December. Also present at the call were Dep EPM No 1 Myo Myint, directors-general of enterprises under the the ministry, V-P of the Dept of Planning and Development Wang Xian Chun and responsible persons of CPI Corp, and MD Tun Myint Naing of Asia World Co Ltd. They discussed matters related to the implementation of the Maykha-Malikha valley region hydel power project and the Ayeyawady confluence hydel power project. Next, officials of HPID and personnel of CPI Corp signed an MoU for the Maykha-Malikha Water Resources and Ayeyawady Confluence Hydel Power Project. HPID and CPI will build the 2000-MW Chibwe hydel power project on the Maykha river and the 3,600-megawatt Ayeyawady Hydel Power Project at the confluence of the Maykha and Malikha. ================================================================================== AA ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, MEASUREMENTS, EQUIVALENTS, TABLES, ANNEXES AC ACRONYMS OF AGENCIES, COMPANIES, ORGANIZATIONS USED IN THE COMPENDIUM AB OTHER ABBREVIATIONS, SHORT FORMS AND ACRONYMS USED IN THE COMPENDIUM ME MEASUREMENTS AND EQUIVALENTS USED IN THE COMPENDIUM KTR KYAT TRADING RANGE WITH THE US DOLLAR AT MARKET RATES: 1981 – 2008 TBL TABLES ANX ANNEXES CI CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX ================================================================================== AC ACRONYMS OF AGENCIES, COMPANIES, ORGANIZATIONS USED IN THE COMPENDIUM ADB Asian Development Bank AFP Agence France-Presse A&IM Myanmar Agriculture and Irrigation Ministry (or Minister) AP Associated Press ASEAN Association of South-east Asian Nations BIMSTEC Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Co-operation BKKP Bangkok Post BRN Burma Rivers Network BT Business Tank CITIC China International Trust and Investment Company CNAMC China National Agricultural Machinery (I&E) Corporation CNEEC China National Electric Equipment Corporation CPT Myanmar Communications, Posts and Telegraphs Ministry (or Minister) CPI China Power Investment Corporation DHD Department of Hydropower Planning of EPM-1 DHSHD Dept of Human Settlement and Housing Development of the Ministry of Public Works DKBA Democratic Karen Buddhist Army dpa Deutsche Presse-Agentur DPDC Division Peace and Development Council EGAT Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand EPD Electric Power Department (of EPM No 2) EPM Electric Power Ministry (or Minister) (from Nov 1997 to May 2006) EPM-1 Electric Power Ministry (or Minister) Number 1 (after May 2006) EPM-2 Electric Power Ministry (or Minister) Number 2 (after May 2006) EM Myanmar Energy Ministry (or Minister) EPSE Electric Power Supply (aka Distribution) Enterprise of EPM No 2 FER Foundation for Ecological Recovery FY Financial year (from April 1 to March 31) GMS Greater Mekong Sub-region GUM Government of the Union of Myanmar HPD Hydro-electric Power Dept (construction dept of MEPE until 2002 and EPM until 2006) Since May 2006 HPD is the administrative and planning dept of EPM No 1 HPGE Hydropower Generation (aka Production) Enterprise of EPM No 1 HPID Hydropower Implementation Dept of EPM No 1 IB Infantry Battalion (of the Myanmar Army) ICG International Crisis Group ID Irrigation Department (of the Agriculture and Irrigation Ministry) IDE Institute of Developing Economies (Japan) IMF International Monetary Fund IMNA Independent Mon News Agency Ind-1 Ministry of Industry No 1 Ind-2 Ministry of Industry No 2 IRROL Irrawaddy On-line News Service ISEAS Institute of South-east Asian Studies JICA Japan International Co-operation Agency KEPCO Korea Electric Power Corporation KDRG Karenni Development Research Group KIC Karen Information Centre KNG Kachin News Group KNLA Karen National Liberation Army KNU Karen National Union LIB Light Infantry Battalion (of the Myanmar Army) LID Light Infantry Division (of the Myanmar Army) MEPE Myanmar Electric Power Enterprise MIC Myanmar Information Committee News Sheet MMTEI Myanmar Machine Tool and Electrical Industries MoD Myanmar Ministry of Defence MOGE Myanmar Oil and Gas Enterprise MPT Myanmar Post and Telecommunications Ministry MTDIU Mergui-Tavoy District Information Unit (a department of the KNU) MP Myanmar Perspectives MT Myanmar Times and Business Review NCGUB National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma (in exile) NGO non-governmental organization NLD National League for Democracy NLM New Light of Myanmar NYT New York Times PRC People’s Republic of China PTI Press Trust India REAM Renewable Energy Association Myanmar SAPAWA Shan Sapawa Environmental Organization SEARIN South East Asia Rivers Network SHAN Shan Herald Agency for News SPDC State Peace and Development Council (of Myanmar) SPIC Special Projects Implementation Committee (of the SPDC) TEPSCO Tokyo Electric Power Services Co Ltd TNA Thai News Agency UMFCCI Union of Myanmar Federation of Chambers of Commerce and Industry UNDP United Nations Development Program UREC Union Resources and Engineering Co Ltd (formerly YMEC) USDA Union Solidarity and Development Association (a government-led political organization) WRUD Water Resources Utilization Department (of the Ag & Irrig Ministry) XN Xinhua News Agency WB World Bank WPD Working People’s Daily (the official English language newspaper until mid-1993) WRUD Water Resources Utilization Department of the Agriculture and Irrigation Ministry YESB Yangon (City) Electricity Supply Board YMEC Yunnan Machinery and Equipment (Import & Export) Co Ltd (see UREC above) YUPD Yunnan United [Joint] Power Development Co
Ass’n association BCS battery charging station BOT Build-Operate-Transfer system Ch chairman, chairwoman, chairperson Col colonel Co Ltd limited company cte committee CVC conventionally vibrated concrete (dam construction) Dep Dir deputy director Dept department D-G director-general Dir director DM deputy minister ED executive director FY financial year (in Myanmar from April to the end of March in the following calendar year) Gen general (no differentiation is made in the rankings of the generals) GM general manager HP hydropower hydel hydro-electric (abbreviation that enjoys wide usage in South Asian publications) IDPs internally displaced persons I&E import and export (company) IPP independent power producer IZ industrial zone J-V joint venture (company) K kyat (Myanmar currency) MD managing director MoU memorandum of understanding M-P multi-purpose (used to refer to dams built for both irrigation and generation of electricity) n.a. information not available n.d. date not available PD project director pc per cent plc publicly listed company PM prime minister PV photo-voltaic Pres president RCC roller compacted concrete (dam) RoR run of the river [hydropower project] S-G secretary general SMI small and medium industries T/G turbine/generator (set) V-P vice president ================================================================================== ME DEFINITIONS AND EQUIVALENT MEASUREMENTS USED IN THE COMPENDIUM This section contains some of the more commonly used terms of measurement used in the compendium. They are intended only as a rough guide. There are many variations in energy industry equivalents. Electrical industry definitions and equivalents 1 MW, mw megawatt = 1,000 kilowatts (kW) 1 kWh kilowatt hour = 1,000 watt hours = 3,600,000 joules or 3.6 megajoules 1 MWh megawatt hour = 1,000 kilowatt hours 1 GWh 1 gigawatt hour = 1,000,000 kilowatt hours 1 TWh 1 terawatt hour = 1,000 gigawatt hours 1 GJ gigajoule 1 million joules = 950 cu ft of natural gas @ 1000 BTU per cu ft; = .28 MWh of electricity 1 kV kilovolt = 1,000 volts 1 MVA megavolt-ampere = 1,000 kilovolt-amperes A ampere a measure of the force created by steady electric currents flowing through two wires at a defined distance. J joule an amount of energy; one joule is the equivalent of one watt of power radiated or dissipated for one second; V volt a measure of the potential difference between two points of a constant current of one ampere when the power dissipated between the points is one watt. V-A volt-ampere a unit of electrical power in an alternating current circuit equal to the power dissipated when 1 volt produces a current of 1 ampere; the product of one volt and one ampere is equivalent to one watt; amperage measures the amount of the flow of electrical current, whereas voltage measures the pressure or force of that flow. W watt one watt is the power dissipated by a current of one ampere flowing across a resistance of one ohm. Ω ohm a measure of the electrical resistance offered by a current- carrying element; a device that dissipates one watt of power with one ampere of current flowing through it has a resistance of one ohm.
In the compendium, any generating facility in Myanmar with a capacity of 100 MW or more is considered ‘major’. ‘Large’ is used for generators or plants above 10 MW. ‘Medium’ is used for generators or plants from 1 – 10 MW. Any generators or generating plants under one megawatt are defined as ‘small’. ‘Mini-generators’ are classed as those from 10 kw to 50 kw. ‘Micro-generators’ from 1 kw to 10 kw. ‘Pico-generators’ below one kilowatt. For the most part, however, the terms used by the authors or translators of the articles included in the compendium have been left as they were in the originals. Energy industry definitions and equivalents 1 bbl barrel of oil 42 US gals = 35 imperial gals = 0.15899 cu m = 159 litres 1 bbl crude barrel of crude oil 5,800,000 BTU = 0.16637 MT (on average) 1 BTU British thermal unit amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 lb of water through 1˚ Fahrenheit = approximately 1055 joules 1 GJ 1 gigajoule = 0.28 MWh or the amount of electricity generated by 950 cu ft of natural gas @ 1000 BTU per cu ft 1 TOE tonne of oil equivalent a unit of energy containing 1,000 million (billion) BTUs; it is the amount of energy released by burning one tonne of crude oil; it differs with different kinds of crude but is approximately 42 GJ 1 TOE 1,125 cu m of natural gas in caloric content 1 cu m of natural gas 35.3 cu ft of natural gas @ 14.73 psia 1 BOE (boe) barrel of oil equivalent a unit of energy containing 0.146 TOE; 6.841 BOE = 1 TOE. 1 t (ton) short ton 2,000 lb or 90.72% of a tonne 1 T (tonne) metric ton 1,000 kilograms or 2,204.6 lbs; roughly a long ton 1 T (tonne) 48,700 cu ft of natural gas mcf thousand cu ft unit used to measure the caloric content of natural gas; depending on its content, 5.5 mcf of natural gas is equal to approximately 1 BOE. mmcf/d million cu ft per day unit used to measure the amount of gas produced by a well or a field or a company on a daily basis T/d tonnes per day T/y tonnes per year
1 A acre = 0.4047 ha = 4,047 sq m = 2.5 rai (Thailand) 1 ha hectare = 10,000 sq m = 2.47 acres = 6.25 rai (Thailand) 1 AF acre foot = volume of water sufficient to cover 1 acre of land to a depth of 1 ft 1 AF acre foot = 43,560 cu ft = 1,233.48 cu m 1 AF acre foot = 325,851 US gals = 271,328 imp gals 1 cu ft = 7.48 US gallons = 6.23 imp gals 1 km kilometre = 0.6214 miles = 1000 m South Asian monetary terms used in currency trading 1 crore = 10,000,000 (often written as 1,00,00000) = 100 lakh 100 crore = 1 billion (1,000,000,000) 1 lakh = 100,000 = 0.01 crore 10 lakh = 1 million (1,000,000)
1987 1 US$ = K 24 - 27 1988 1 US$ = K 32 - 36 Up to the time of the SLORC coup in Sept 1988 1991 1 US$ = K 55 - 70 1992 - 93 1 US$ = K 80 - 140 1994 - 95 1 US$ = K 110 - 120 1996 1 US$ = K 120 - 160 1997 1 US$ = K 160 – 335 Reflects East Asian financial crisis 1998 1 US$ = K 335 - 350 1999 1 US$ = K 350 - 320 2000 1 US$ = K 320 - 435 2001 1 US$ = K 435 - 740 2002 1 US$ = K 740 - 1070 2003 1 US$ = K 1070 - 890 2004 1 US$ = K 890 - 880 2005 1 US$ = K 880 - 1075 2006 1 US$ = K 1075 - 1280 2007 1 US$ = K 1280 – 1250 Reflects fall in value of US$ 2008 1 US$ = K 1250 – 1190 2009 1 US$ = K 1190 – 980 Sudden change in direction in January 2010 1 US$ = K 1000 – 860 Reflects gradual weakening of US$ 2011 1 US$ = K 860 – 726 Low on 19/08/11 2012 1 US$ = K 818 The rate at which kyat was traded on 02/04/12, the first day on which it officially floated on international currency markets ================================================================================== TBL TABLES Yüklə 12,31 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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