PIRENNE AND ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL THEORY
[327]
Schmoller.
7
Pirenne took classes with Von Schmoller in 1885 (Ganshof,
1936, 179; Lyon, 1974, 63) and knew Bücher well enough to write an
introduction in one of Bücher's books (Pirenne, 1901).
As was the case with the other 'members' of the German historical school,
the interpretations and theories of Bücher and Schmoller were very cautious
about formulating unchangeable patterns because they thought that these
patterns as such were determined by cultural history.
8
Nevertheless, to a large
extent Bücher and Schmoller were the founders of economic history. Pirenne,
as mentioned, became the intermediary between this trend in German
economics and economic history in the rest of the Western world, at least for
the methodological components (although not for the 'applied economics'
portion of course).
This does not mean that Pirenne always agreed with the writings of
Bücher, Schmoller and others, such as Brentano. He often disagreed and
challenged their positions
9
, but this 'disagreement based on data' was also part
of the methodology of the young historical school. Their work inspired him,
nonetheless, to reflect deeply on a range of economic and social topics, which
he traced further back in historical time.
10
Throughout his career, he
continually referred to the ideas and historical data of these two econo-
mists/economic historians. It was often through them that he became aware
of other theories and concepts. Their 'historical approach' certainly appealed
to Pirenne from the start, and he maintained that approach with only slight
modifications to the end of his career.
With a bit of exaggeration, some scholars have attributed to the German
historical school the creation of an "inductive methodology" to replace the
supposedly "deductive methodology" of the neo-classical school. Schmoller
and other adherents of the German historical school favoured an "objective"
approach to economic reality, and extrapolated from the data more general
7.
Schmoller influenced other historians who in the late 19th century opposed 'traditional'
history, such as Kurt Breysig, a German historian who was a contemporary of Lamprecht
(1866-1940) (see: vom Brocke, 1971), whom Pirenne refers to in a positive way in one of his
rare methodological pieces (Pirenne, 1897, 3, note 1 and 5 note 2, where he writes "les idées
exposées de M.K. Breysig dans… se rapprochent beaucoup de celles de M. Lamprecht"). On
the influence of Schmoller on Pirenne see also Dumolyn (2008).
8.
On Bücher, see the articles in Backhaus (2000); on Schmoller, von Beckerath (1973)
(among other references).
9.
He even criticised Bücher in the introduction of his own book (Pirenne, 1901, X ff).
10.
Schmoller and Bücher e.g. inspired Pirenne to think about the importance of the textile
industry, urban history and the existence of long-term stages in economic development. They
themselves had worked on the same topics (see e.g., Von Schmoller (1879), on the textile
industry, Bücher on the stages of capitalism and the nature of merchants (Bücher, 1901;
Pirenne 1898, 6)).
[328]
E. THOEN / E. VANHAUTE
patterns of behaviour which were limited in time and space. This strategy was
called "induction". In contrast, Carl Menger and other neo-classical econo-
mists only used history to apply contemporary and supposedly universal
models, a strategy labelled "deduction" (Krabbe, 1983, 88 ff.).
-reaction against the neo-classical school as too close to the concepts of Smith,
Ricardo, Mill and others
-demand for interpretations based on empirical data and minimal reliance on
universal theoretical models
-adaptation of interpretative concepts to changing circumstances (in time and
space): the 'historical component' of ideas
-'pluralism' in interpretation
-emphasis on the comparative aspect
-importance of institutions in economic development
-incorporation of interdisciplinarity into economics
-significance of ethical considerations
-importance of comparative psychology as an explanatory mechanism
-applied economics: many adherents tended to favour a directed 'moral' economy
('Kathedersozialism'), economic nationalism and 'neomercantilism', some following
a member of the 'old school', Friedrich List
F
IGURE
1:
SOME FEATURES OF THE
'(
YOUNG
)
GERMAN HISTORICAL SCHOOL OF
ECONOMICS
'
11
The inductive methodology required a thorough historical foundation.
Schmoller and his followers conducted a written debate with Menger in the
well-known "Methodenstreit". Pirenne had clearly chosen to join the histori-
cal school. He approved of their methods, which required a solid historical
analysis of events, institutions and texts combined not with a narrative, but
with a clear causal methodology typical of the social sciences. Schmoller had
published studies on themes that especially interested Pirenne, such as urban
history and textile history. Pirenne's famous "scientific mémoires" or
"Reflections" of 1917 reveal that he shared the view that the deductive analy-
sis of models could not lead to universal principles.
12
However, this opinion
dates back to a much earlier period of his career, indeed to his formative
years. Pirenne also liked the interdisciplinary focus of many of these
11.
The table is our own synthesis based on the articles in Yuichi Shionoya (2001; 2005), as
well as Pearson (2002), and Charles E. Mc Clelland (1971), among others.
12.
"Le plus mauvais système pour arriver à s'habituer à la construction historique scientifique
est de partir du présent", [The worst system for getting used to scientific historical construction
is to start from the present] (Pirenne, 1917, 194).