Chapter 13 – Archiving challenges
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a community documented in the archive may need quick access to relevant
multimedia material. Among other things, they may be looking for a nice
example or unusual fact or observation which provides the starting point
for a story or report. Their preferred ways of access will include geographi-
cal browsing or registers listing interesting phenomena of various kinds.
In summary, we can state that we cannot identify just one type of usage,
but very different usage scenarios with different types of users must be
envisaged. The discovery and presentation of the archived material thus has
to meet a number of diverging expectations. Discovery ideally has to cover
flexible and powerful structured search capabilities on metadata and con-
tent, simple Google-like full-text retrieval possibilities, and hierarchical and
geographical browsing and navigation in virtual spaces created for specific
communities adapted to their cultural and sociological contexts.
Presentation covers a whole range of possibilities, starting with simple
access to individual objects, such as structured texts or media files. Of
course, linguists and other users will not be interested in seeing an XML
tag structure. Instead, they will want a presentation that comes close to
what they are used to in written resources such as lexica or storybooks.
Furthermore, users will want to access the objects together with their con-
texts – annotations together with lexica, annotations together with the under-
lying media fragments, house building explanations together with photos,
the comparison of two annotated media fragments, etc. A combined presen-
tation layer should allow the support of flexible, user-defined layouts. In
addition, guided tours should be created to provide easy access for users
with limited experience in handling digital databases.
As we have seen, a number of usage scenarios include the active enrich-
ment and extension of archival materials. For obvious reasons, modifying
archival contents is a dangerous concept. Special care has to be taken not to
lose earlier versions and to separate “original” data from add-ons. Two of
the most basic principles of archiving are that deletion operations are for-
bidden and that modifications of original data can only lead to new versions
but do not replace the original version. In digital archives it is technologi-
cally very easy to manipulate content, but it is still an unresolved issue as to
how to keep additions tractable while at the same time maintaining simple
and straightforward discovery and presentation options.
While the demands of different users may thus be almost limitless, it
should be kept in mind that for the archivist, workable resource discovery
options and easy access to individual resources in open and well-docu-
mented formats has to be the primary concern.
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Paul Trilsbeek and Peter Wittenburg
5.
Interaction aspects
Due to the differences between the interests and priorities of archivists,
depositors, and users, it will be useful to take a closer look at the interaction
between these players. The main concern here is the ways in which the gap
between the differing interests and priorities can be bridged without creat-
ing new problems.
5.1. Depositor–archivist interaction
To create an archive that is easily exploitable by the different user groups
and that also meets the long-term preservation requirements, depositors and
archivists have to find a good way of interacting. This is a challenge indeed,
since the primary intentions, the working styles, and part of the terminol-
ogy used are different. Figure 4 indicates the topics to be addressed in the
interaction between depositors and archivists in a schematic way. It also
indicates the methods that are involved in resolving these issues.
Figure 4. Topics to be resolved in the interaction between depositors and archivists
Workflow agreements describe the pattern of interaction, i.e. which ad-
dresses have to be used, what the responsibilities are, what the best chan-
nels are for exchanging valuable material, what the general timing will be,
etc. For financial and sometimes for technical reasons, it is impossible for
an archivist to carry out all sorts of conversions. Therefore, if possible, one
Depositor–Archivist Interaction
Agreements about:
– workflow
– labeling
– formats + encoding
– organizational matters
– upload mechanisms
– access procedures
– explicitness
Methods for:
– ingestion
– conversion
– structure definition
– access policy definition
– consistency check
– etc.
Archivist
Depositor
Archive
Objects
Chapter 13 – Archiving challenges
329
has to agree on a number of formats and encoding standards for the tools
that are used in collecting and processing data. Using a completely outdated
program version for annotations or creating arbitrary and undocumented
keyboard-character mappings may lead to unsolvable problems (cf. Chapter
14). Teams sometimes have old materials that they want to deposit as well.
All this has to be made explicit at an early stage so that the archivist can
anticipate the problems that may arise and can look for suitable solutions.
The labeling of any object that is exchanged is essential to enable the
archivist to identify the relations. The metadata descriptions have to be cre-
ated by the depositors according to an agreed-upon scheme since they will
define the relations between the objects and form the basis for all discovery.
In the near future it will become more common for depositors to upload
resources themselves into the archive. The necessary steps to be taken here
have to be made very clear since misunderstandings leading to an inconsis-
tent archive have to be avoided.
The archivist should provide methods for structure definition that are in
line with the data models, tools to build content that fit in with the agreed
standards, conversion routines that allow one to convert data into a limited
number of archiving formats, and mechanisms to define access policies and
carry out a number of consistency checks on the archived material. With
regard to the last point, archivists can only employ formal criteria. They
cannot verify the correctness of linguistic content and, more specifically,
they cannot detect whether an annotation is associated with the correct me-
dia file and the like. The basic principle must be that the depositor is re-
sponsible for all linguistic encoding aspects and for all relations that are
difficult to trace. Since conversions are often associated with a loss of in-
formation, the depositor has to make time for checking the results of con-
version processes.
The interaction between archivists and depositors also has interpersonal
aspects that should not be ignored. Regular interactions initiated by the
archivist, for example, can easily be interpreted as an attempt to control the
documentation process. On the other hand, documentation teams may hesi-
tate to confront archivists with “stupid questions.”
Different formal channels have to be used for this interaction. Web-based
bulletin boards, e-mail exchange, telephone calls, video conferences and,
most importantly, bilateral face-to-face meetings all form part of an interac-
tion process that has a potential for many problems. Training courses of-
fered by an archive may help to increase awareness of the basic problems
involved in digital archiving and in unifying different approaches. Short
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