Essentials of Language Documentation
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Subject index abbreviations, 13, 94–97, 240, 249, 304– 309 access, 5–7, 11–13, 18–21, 35, 42–43, 48–49, 54, 60, 79, 87–96, 99–100, 108, 198, 206, 213–214, 233–234, 276, 311–334, 359, 363–366 accountability, 1, 5–7, 15 falsifiability, 6, 30 verifiability, 1 adult second-language learning 73–74, 119–120
alphabet, 276–278, 345 anacrusis, 260 annotation (see also apparatus, gram- matical annotation), 11–14, 23–24, 35, 95–99, 108, 186–187, 198–200, 213– 251, 269, 303–308, 325, 330, 334 anthropological linguistics, 113–128, 139–140, 144, 151, 154, 183–211, 259–260 anthropology (see also ethnography), 2, 14–15, 19, 40, 87, 112, 128, 184, 187, 206
apparatus (see also annotation, grammat- ical annotation), 1, 11–14, 20–21, 26 archival format, 101–110, 351, 378 archive, 5–6, 27, 40–43, 48–49, 60, 87– 89, 93–94, 351, 364–365 archiving, 35, 87–89, 96–97, 100–101, 107–110, 286, 311–335, 351, 364, 378 archivist, 37, 41, 42, 61, 100, 312, 314, 317, 327, 328–333 ASCII, 94, 337–345 bit stream, 318–321 boundary tone, 260–272 Brother-in-law language, 150 capturing, 89, 94–95 character encoding (see also encoding standards, fonts), 96, 286, 321, 337– 351 clitics, 222, 239, 255, 257–258 code of conduct, 34, 332 code-switching, 118–119, 231–232 collocation, 77, 138 communicative event, 1, 7–10, 12, 16, 22–24, 70, 177, 213–215, 219–220, 228, 230, 237–238, 248 community (see speech community) community of practice, 119–124, 128 compensation, 38–39, 56–59 compound, 255, 257–258 conflation, 140–141 connotation, 137–138 conversation genre, 18, 40, 109, 177, 179, 189, 197, 229–230 conversation analysis (see also dis- course analysis), 229 conversion (of data; see also data ex- change), 318, 323, 329, 344, 347–351, 359 copyright, 43, 46–49, 60 corpus, 1, 3, 8, 10–13, 15, 18, 20, 22–24, 77–79, 87–88, 89, 103–105, 109–110, 134, 138, 148, 156–157, 163–164, 169–172, 179, 188, 190, 224–225, 239–240, 249, 280, 307, 323 corpus structure, 10, 322–323 covert research, 40–41 cross-cultural miscommunication,74,116 cross-referencing, 13, 215, 229, 246–249 data exchange (see also conversion), 319, 347–351
420 Subject index data format, 91, 96–97, 378 deictics, 156, 201, 229 deixis, 135, 201 demonstrative, 104, 122–124, 156, 308 depositors, 314–318, 324, 328–329, 332– 333 description, 17–20, 28, 30, 87, 128, 129, 142–143, 147, 156, 157, 162, 194, 200, 206, 216, 237, 243–244, 304–305, 325 descriptive grammar, 9, 19–24, 30 dialect, 2, 92, 94, 133, 169, 194–195, 225, 233, 281, 285, 287, 294–295 dictionary (see also lexical database, lexicography), 9, 17–21, 68, 71, 73, 93–94, 125–127, 129–134, 139, 159– 161, 239, 301–303, 307, 369, 371, 374 digital image, 321 digital text, 92, 352–361 digitization, 321 discourse analysis (see also conversation analysis), 15, 216, 227, 229, 230, 259– 260, 273 discourse structure (paragraphs, episodes etc.), 70, 80, 235, 253, 258–259, 270– 272
distribution (of data, linguistic materi- als), 46, 89, 93, 96–97, 100, 108, 114, 117, 330, 377–378 documentation vs. description, 17–25, 87–88, 156, 163, 195, 215–217, 240– 245, 301–305, 307–308 duration of recording, 94 duration (as a prosodic phenomenon), 165, 178, 262 economic rights, 48 edited texts, editorial work (see also publication), 18, 47, 70–71, 80–82, 87, 220, 237, 247, 259, 269, 272–273 ELAN 99–100, 230–231, 331, 368 elicitation, 1, 9, 10, 29, 75–77, 85, 113– 115, 119–120, 123, 124, 136, 138, 150–151, 156, 159, 164, 170–171, 176, 180, 238, 323, 390 elicitation kit, 153–154 encoding standards (see also character encoding, fonts), 219, 316, 329, 337– 351
epistemic modalities, 200 ethical issues, ethics, 16, 31–50, 60–65, 88, 119, 331–332, 364 ethnobotany, 28, 130, 151 ethnography (see also anthropology), 2, 21, 112, 154, 183–211 ethnography of language (also known as ethnography of communication or speaking), 8, 28, 112–117, 121, 124, 128
ethnoscience, 130, 151 ethnozoology, 151 experimental task, 29, 177–179 fieldmethods, 71–85, 122, 157 fieldnotes, 10, 29, 56, 92, 94, 112, 121 fieldwork, 10, 13–14, 31–41, 50–59, 61, 67–85, 91, 116, 119–124, 134–143, 150, 156–157, 159–160, 163, 166, 190, 222, 224–225, 244, 303–367 fonts (see also character encoding, en- coding standards), 99, 218, 223, 286, 348–351
format (storage), 57, 90, 96–108, 110, 162, 218, 314–324, 334, 364, 378 file formats, 96, 316, 322, 353–354, 378
format (of language documentation), 7– 25, 49, 57, 69, 70, 87–88, 206, 214, 216–218, 248, 305 frame semantics, 147 functional load, 276, 280–281, 292–294 fundamental frequency, 165, 167, 217, 263–264, 268, 274 general access resource, 13, 14, 21 Subject index 421
genre, 10, 56, 69, 88, 94, 115, 117, 131, 157, 159, 180, 184, 186, 188–189, 195–203, 261, 266, 322, 365 gesture, 27, 135, 228–229, 248 glossing, 13–14, 21, 97–98, 101, 148, 204, 215, 233, 238–243, 249, 305, 307 grammar, 9, 14, 17–25, 30, 63, 69, 77, 87, 128–129, 193, 202, 217, 240, 243, 282, 301–309, 314, 365, 374 grammatical annotation (see also anno- tation, apparatus), 23, 95, 215, 238– 245, 251, 304 grammatical tagging, 241–243, 249 grammatical judgements, 9, 244–245 grapheme, 277, 278–279, 284, 286, 296– 299
history (of speech community), 2, 15, 28, 52, 87, 114, 118, 124, 185–186, 189, 195, 198–202, 374 HTML (see also markup languages, XML), 97, 99, 101, 108, 318, 355– 357
iconization, 126 identity (linguistic), 33, 68, 70, 84, 127, 192–195 idioms (see also lexicalized phrases), 158, 170 IMDI, 10, 12, 29, 93, 99, 317, 323, 334 information technology, 88–94, 364–365 informed consent, 35, 39–45, 49, 60, 332 intellectual property rights, 31, 43, 46, 87, 93, 100 interjection, 142, 156–157 interlinearization, 206, 359 International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), 95, 221, 223, 226, 228, 250–251, 345, 351 internet access, 42, 62, 325, 373 intonation unit, 167, 214, 227, 232, 235, 238, 253, 258, 260–274 INTSINT, 228 intuition, 79, 137–138, 172, 254–255, 270–272, 274 kinesic events, 228 kinship, 8, 130, 154–156, 186–187, 203– 204, 210
knowledge representation, 375 language games, 131, 141 language ideology, 114, 125–127 language maintenance, 5, 17, 27, 59, 70, 71, 87, 109, 313 language use, 70, 88, 101, 113, 116, 128 legal rights, 31, 48 lengthening (of syllables), 194, 226, 228, 260, 263 lexemes, 131, 149, 158, 307 lexical accent, 165–167, 173, 178 lexical database (see also dictionary, lexicography), 10–11, 14, 26, 29, 129, 131–132, 134, 138, 140, 144, 148, 150, 156, 157, 160, 183, 185–188, 206, 210, 222, 301–303, 306, 308 lexical semantics, 130–131 lexicalized phrases (see also idioms), 255, 257, 272 lexicography (see also dictionary, lexical database), 74, 129–161 lexicon, 79, 97, 99, 101–103, 109, 130, 134, 138, 156, 158, 159, 188, 198, 204, 206, 283, 313, 315, 322, 325, 374 literacy, 44, 92, 98, 134, 207, 254, 275, 284, 285, 287, 373, 383 markup languages (see also HTML, text encoding and markup, XML), 96, 101, 352–361 material culture, 39, 188 metacommentaries, 245–246 metadata, 11–15, 21, 29–30, 59, 89, 92– 95, 97, 99, 100, 107–108, 195, 198,
422 Subject index 206, 213, 247, 317, 323, 325, 327, 329–331, 333–334, 368, 379 metalanguage, 144, 146, 155–156, 162, 203, 233, 241 metalinguistic knowledge, 8–10, 14, 21, 23, 26 metaphor, 140, 157–158, 162, 194, 198, 201, 370 MiniDisc recording, 96, 317, 321 missionary tradition, 132 mobilization, 27, 31, 87, 89, 363–379 moral rights, 48, 93 morphological analysis, 233, 240 morphophonological processes, 240, 279–280, 283, 374 morphology, 77, 128, 186, 240, 253, 302, 374–375
multilingual discourse, 219, 230–232 multimedia, 28, 108, 326, 327, 331, 363– 379 myths, 188–190, 200–201, 204, 206 narratives, 8, 22, 70, 122–124, 180, 184, 188–190, 192, 198–207, 260, 262, 266, 272, 374–375 native speaker, 4, 8–10, 16–17, 47, 52, 73–79, 119, 254–255, 271–273 negative evidence 23, 138 OLAC, 12, 93, 323, 334, 366 oral cultures, 276, 279–280, 286 oral history, 2, 79 oral literature (see also verbal art), 14, 69–70 oral tradition, 70, 124, 198–207 orthographic depth, 276, 280 orthography, 13, 26, 39, 55, 57, 61, 69, 71, 79, 83–84, 207, 217, 219–222, 249, 253, 257–258, 275–299, 306 paralinguistic features, 27, 219, 228– 229, 248–249 parallelism, 159, 192, 201–203, 208 pattern-recognition problem, 163, 167 pause, 165, 220, 226–229, 260–264, 266–269, 271, 274 Pear Story, 262, 267, 270, 273, 274 perception experiments, 164, 178–179 phonology, 74–76, 79, 128, 164–166, 180, 194, 195, 207, 215, 220–228, 253, 256–259, 269, 275–281, 288– 296, 305–306 photographs, 57, 151, 153, 238, 374 pitch, 165–167, 174–176, 178, 180, 194, 215, 217, 226–228, 246, 260–279, 292 politeness, 115–117, 150–151 polysemy, 159–160, 240 preservation requirements, 318–324, 328 primary data, 1–30, 163, 192, 215, 220, 254, 368
processing, 15, 25–26, 89, 91–99, 180, 229, 315, 329, 348, 355 proprietary formats, 96, 354–355 prosodic analysis, 163–181, 222, 226– 228, 260–269 prosodic annotation, 217, 226–228, 251, 269 psycholinguistics, 282 publication (see also edited texts, edito- rial work), 36–37, 45, 47, 52, 89, 96, 100, 108–110, 125–127, 220, 259, 272, 273
purism, 70, 126, 127, 131 recording, 7–16, 21, 24, 27, 29, 40–45, 48–49, 56, 57, 62, 69, 77–78, 81, 89– 94, 109, 119, 123–124, 163–164, 167– 176, 180, 188, 189, 213–215, 218, 224, 231, 246, 248, 255, 259, 266, 314, 316, 317, 322, 326, 331, 332, 364, 367, 368 referential indeterminacy, 134–143 register, 169, 185, 388 repair (conversational), 179, 220, 263, 265, 270
research economy, 6, 21, 22 Subject index 423
ritual language, ritual speech, 69, 125– 127, 131, 139, 156–159, 162, 171, 183–207, 236, 325 role-playing, 177 script (see also writing systems), 221, 277–278, 341–353, 359 second language learning, 71, 73, 78, 113, 119–124, 283 secrecy (see also taboo), 17, 49 segmentation, 214, 235, 239–241, 253– 274 segmentation unit, 254, 260 semantic metalanguage, 129, 144, 162 semantic mode, 142 semantic notes, 244 sense spectrum, 140 session 1, 10–14, 21, 29, 41–42, 56, 75, 92, 188–192, 195, 198, 204, 206, 214, 247, 255 Shoebox (see also Toolbox), 10, 94, 95– 100, 104, 112, 148, 206, 208, 217–218, 239, 242, 251, 351, 358–360, 368–369 sight vocabulary, 282–283, 291 sign 142–143, 278 sketch grammar, 14, 20, 21, 243, 301– 309, 314
sociolinguistics, 8, 52–53, 56, 58, 118, 120, 128, 131, 133, 195, 275, 295 software, 56, 63, 91–112, 219, 231, 239, 242, 286, 321, 326, 361, 368–369, 373–374, 378, 379 sound archiving, 108 speech community, 100, 114, 117–119, 150, 157, 160, 189–190, 205, 213, 220–221, 234, 254, 275, 283–284, 326, 332, 364–367, 369–377 speech formula (see also lexicalized phrases), 19 speech genre, (see genre) spreadsheet programs, 317 stress, 164–166, 180, 223, 226, 228, 250, 256, 261, 280 syllable, 165, 167, 173, 175, 178, 180, 194, 225, 227, 255, 260–268, 270, 274, 277, 278, 291, 293–294, 306 taboo (see also secrecy), 8, 49, 75 team, 4, 11, 14, 15, 32, 33, 54–56, 58, 60, 71–74, 81–83, 84, 85, 177, 189, 191, 367 text encoding and markup (see also en- coding standards, markup languages), 100–107, 218, 352–361 thematic fields, 75–76, 151–156, 187, 188, 203–206 tier (annotation level), 61, 217–218, 359 time management, 60, 81–82 TOBI, 228 tone (see also boundary tone), 77, 165– 167, 172, 223, 226–227, 260–269, 292–294
tone language, 274 Toolbox (see also Shoebox), 10, 96, 97, 99, 112, 148, 217, 239, 242, 251, 351, 359
transcription, 8, 13–14, 21, 70, 78–79, 82, 91–92, 94–95, 108–109, 172, 184, 214–232, 248–249, 253–255, 258, 269–271, 275, 281, 306, 322, 325 translation, 13–14, 21, 47, 56, 61, 68, 75, 79–80, 89, 92, 95, 109, 132–133, 139, 153–154, 185, 186, 190, 193, 203– 207, 232–241 transliteration, 221 typology, 51, 306 user (of the archives), 2, 14–15, 35–37, 108–110, 186, 192, 195, 206–207, 216, 217, 233, 234, 236, 245, 303, 305, 308, 313–318, 323–327, 330– 334, 337, 350, 355, 357–359, 363– 379
verbal art (see also oral literature), 184, 201–203, 236, 260 424 Subject index video recording, 1, 9, 12, 27, 57, 90–92, 188, 214–215, 314, 331 vocabulary, 131, 150, 154, 157, 187, 206, 243, 282–283, 291 wave form, 107–108, 173–176, 320–321 word, 103–107, 118, 127, 129–162, 164, 170, 172–176, 185, 190, 194, 201, 203–207, 222, 223, 241, 242, 253– 258, 265, 266, 272–274, 277, 280– 283, 288, 298, 352–359, 375 wordlist, 29, 75–77, 131, 148, 172 word-class, 76, 130, 242, 281, 293, 298, 306
word order, 77, 242, 244, 247–248, 306 workshop, 83–84, 371, 393 writing system (see also script), 254, 257–258, 273, 276–279, 298 written language, 2, 70, 251, 259, 272 f. written text, 92, 270, 285 XML (see also markup languages), 101– 108, 112, 218–219, 322–323, 331, 357–361 Document Outline
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