BÜHLER’S AND CASSIRER’S SEMIOTIC CONCEPTIONS OF MAN
73
phenomenon may a) take on an
expressive function (
Ausdrucksfunktion)
insofar as it enunciates the current state of mind or sentience of its sender; it
may b) take on an appealing function (Appellfunktion) insofar as it calls on a
hearer or receiver to respond (both internally and externally) to the
respective linguistic phenomenon in a requested or desired manner; or it may
c) take on a representational function (Darstellungsfunktion) insofar as it is
predominantly performed in order to signify the objects or states of affairs
that are subjected to linguistic communication.
Although Bühler appreciated language first and foremost due to its
representational capacities, because he believed that only this particular
linguistic characteristic would enable individuals to also address objects and
states of affairs which transcend the perceptible here and now of a specific
communal interaction (cf. segments iii and iv below), this trisection of the
potentiality of language clearly demonstrates that he ultimately (and contrary
to numerous theorists of language and communication who traditionally
privilege the speaker or the sender in a much too one-sided fashion
10
)
advocated a dynamic model of language and communication as well (cf.
Ungeheuer, 1967). As he says in his
Theory of Language:
«
It is not true that the term ‘things’ or the more adequate conceptual pair
‘objects and states of affairs’ captures everything for which the sound is a
mediating phenomenon, a mediator between the speaker and the hearer.
Rather, each of the two participants has his own position in the make-up of
the speech-situation, namely the sender as the agent, as the subject of the
speech action on the one hand, and the receiver as the one spoken to, as the
addressee of the speech action on the other hand. They are not simply a part
of what the message is about, rather they are the partners in an exchange, and
ultimately this is the reason why it is possible that the sound as a medial
product has a specific significative relationship to each, to the one and to the
other severally.
»
(Bühler, 1990, 37f., ST, 30, TL, 112, translation slightly
modified)
Once again, the tri-relative (and thus dynamic) character of language
is already sketched out within the axiomatics of the Krise (cf. again
Ungeheuer, 1967). As the first axiom centres upon the cybernetic
Verhaltensaspekt – the aspect of « mutual guidance » –, it corresponds with
the Appellfunktion: both concepts point at the need or intention to guide or
influence another individual’s behaviour. The second axiom addresses the
Erlebnisaspekt so that it parallels the Ausdrucksfunktion: the postulated
« need to come to expression and impression » in order to be able to bring
forth one’s « personal needs and moods » clearly requires the expressive
10
In addition to Wundt’s reductionist focus on the expressive function of language (cf. note
10 above), Bühler names Plato as one of the philosophers who merely concentrated on the
representational function of language (cf. Bühler, 1990, 36, ST, 29f., TL, 110 suiv.).
Mark A. HALAWA
74
function of language. Finally, the
Denkaspekt of the third axiom coincides
with the Darstellungsfunktion: only the representational facet of language
allows individuals to put forth processes of « mutual guidance » in which its
participants, intentional objects and states of affairs or other influencing
variables cannot be located or embraced within a « shared situation of
perception ».
iii) A similar observation can be made in regard to the semiotic
foundation of Bühler’s theory of language. Bühler resolutely stipulated « that
the object of the sciences of language completely pertains to sematology
11
in
the same way as the object of physics pertains to mathematics » (Bühler,
1990, 52, ST, 44, TL, 128). Language, he repeatedly declared, is
« significative through and through » (ibid., 40, ST, 33, TL, 114); it is « a
system of signs » insofar as a sender exposes « sounds of language as signs »
which are consecutively « received as signs by a hearer » so that « the
language phenomenon acts as a mediator between the individuals » who are
involved in a semiotically consolidated process of communication (all
quotations taken from Bühler, 1933, 24)
12
. Semiotics, then, constitutes the
foundation of any theory of language or communication. As such, the scope
of semiotics is likewise prevalent in the axiomatics of the Krise. Whereas the
Appellfunktion is accompanied by
signals which obtain the rank of a sign
« by virtue of [their] appeal to the hearer, whose inner or outer behaviour
[they] direct as do other communicative signs » (Bühler, 1990, 35, ST, S. 28,
TL, 109), the Ausdrucksfunktion is attended by symptoms which may serve
as a sign « by virtue of [their] dependence on the sender, whose inner states
[they] express » (ibid.). Finally, the Darstellungsfunktion is associated with
symbols which are elevated to significative status « by virtue of [their]
coordination to objects and states of affairs » (ibid.). Consequently, signals,
symptoms, and symbols all revive what is at stake in the axiomatics of the
Krise. The execution of processes of « mutual guidance » requires the
presence of signalic signs just as much as the expression of « personal need
11
« Sematology » used to be Bühler’s term of choice when he dealt with problems which are
of semiotic relevance. His main reason for the usage of this (at least from a today’s
perspective) rather uncommon concept has to do with the desire to distance himself from
Ferdinand de Saussure’s « semiology » (cf. Bühler, 1933, 34).
12
« That every language is a system of signs / that the sounds of language are taken as signs
by the speaker, received as signs by the hearer / that the phenomenon of language appears
as a mediator between the individuals within sign communication – one can start talking
about language in such or in a similar manner. » (Bühler, 1933, 24) Bühler’s definition of
language as a « system of signs » is of course reminiscent of Ferdinand de Saussure’s
famous Cours de linguistique générale. Yet, Bühler thought that Saussure’s Cours was too
positivistic (cf. Bühler, 1990, 10, ST, S. 7, TL, 80-81). For further details about Bühler’s
and Saussure’s semiotic conceptions and theories of language, cf. Koerner, 1984.