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Yet ‘Geraint and Enid’ ends with a premonition of the wasting of the whole Arthurian
world in the conclusion to the Idylls, with Geraint taking Enid once more from
Arthur’s court in fear of the rumours of Guinevere’s adultery.100
The double meaning in the motif also features heavily in ‘Lancelot and
Elaine’, during Lancelot’s journeys through the ‘waste marches’ and ‘desolate
isles’.101 He is driven to these ‘wastes and solitudes’ in his madness, brought on by his
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guilty lust for Guinevere.
Madness comes upon him once more in ‘The Holy Grail’,
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when he again flees to the ‘waste fields’.
And in ‘Guinevere’, after the lovers’
adultery has been discovered, the queen flees to the nunnery:
she to Almesbury
All night long by glimmering waste and weald,
And heard the Spirits of the waste and weald
Moan as she fled.104
The waste lands are the moral and geographical outlands to which the knights and
ladies of Arthur’s court go when they cannot reconcile personal desires with public
duty; when private sins threaten to become social tragedies. These wastes are haunted
by the memories of savagery and symbolise the ensuing collapse of civilisation, as
brought about in ‘The Passing of Arthur’.
The Idylls’ preoccupation with domestic and internal discord and their impact
on civilisation is also recognisable in Eliot’s poem, though, of course, Eliot’s The
Waste Land constructs the domestic-public interrelationship with little of the
didacticism Tennyson brought to his Victorian epic. The majority of the ‘characters’
of The Waste Land, whether contemporary or historical, are found in relationships
which are dysfunctional or sterile. Among the historical or literary relationships there
are the adulterous lovers Tristan and Isolde; the suicides, Anthony and Cleopatra; the
illicit affair of Elizabeth and Leicester.105 Among the present-day inhabitants of the
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waste land, there are the uncommunicative, nameless couple who argue in ‘A Game
of Chess’;106 Lil and her friend, who sit in an East End pub discussing Lil’s failing
marriage, pregnancy, bad teeth and abortion. There is also the ugly affair between the
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typist and ‘the young man carbuncular’, described in disgusted tones,
and the later
sexual encounter between a couple out at Moorgate (‘I raised my knees / Supine on
the floor of a narrow canoe [...] After the event / He wept. He promised “a new start”.
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/ 1 made no comment. What should I resent?’).
The transformation of the familial
into the horrific continues in ‘What the Thunder Said’: there are murmurs of ‘maternal
lamentation’ that ‘sound high in the air’;109 the only suggestion of children in this
sterile waste land comes in the description of ‘bats with baby faces in the violet
light’.110 And, with its allusion to a father’s insane grief for his murdered dead son,
and the ensuing bloody revenge, the third from last line, drawn from Thomas Kyd’s
The Spanish Tragedy (1592) - ‘Why then lie fit you. Hieronymo’s mad againe’ -
reinforces the impression that the focus of much of the waste land is on the
cataclysmic interaction between the domestic and the larger societal spheres.
That no critic emphasised the Victorian basis of Eliot’s poem severely affected later
readings of the poem. It was a neglect which allowed an undue importance to be
placed on the role of Weston’s From Ritual to Romance in making sense of Eliot’s
disparate and fragmentary verses. As divorced from its proper literary-historical
context, The Waste Land was also able to be read as a primarily religious, rather than
societal, text. This is not to suggest that the Idylls o f the King is the ‘key’ to The
Waste Land; nor should Tennyson’s influence be seen as a replacement for-Weston’s
From Ritual to Romance. It is still likely, if we consider Eliot’s reference to Weston’s
work to be sincere, that From Ritual to Romance remains one of the most important
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influences on Eliot’s poem and perhaps the most likely candidate for the creative
impulse for the writing of The Waste Land. Nonetheless, due to the similarities in
vocabulary, theme and image, there seems little doubt that Eliot’s reading of the Idylls
tempered Eliot’s use of the waste land motif
The associations between Eliot’s The Waste Land and Tennyson’s Idylls are
not restricted to a few barren images, or the sharing of a similar lexicon. Its depiction
of the waste and barrenness of contemporary society is bound up with a very
Tennysonian concept of the impact of the private morality on public health. Both
Eliot’s and Tennyson’s poems construct their Waste Lands almost exclusively around
themes of domestic discord, which lead to larger catastrophes. And in The Waste
Land’s acute anxiety over this relationship - the central theme of so many Victorian
novels and other literary works - Eliot’s work appears to be much more nineteenth
century in its cultural orientation than is commonly supposed. And although the style
of Eliot’s poetry (its concern with urban squalor, its details of degradation, its
ostentatious display of learning, its difficulty) is archetypally modernist, its central
theme (the upper-middle class’s extreme social anxiety over the collapse of society,
its institutions, values and belief systems) is staunchly Victorian. It is no accident that
the original title of The Waste Land was taken from a Victorian novel, its epigraph
from an Edwardian novella.*
Also, by understanding Eliot’s use of Tennyson, we are much closer to the
early critics who saw the poem as an articulation of the chaos and disintegration of
Europe and America in the years following the war:
* The original title was ‘He Do the Police in Different Voices’, taken from Dickens’s Our Mutual
Friend (1864). The epigraph to this draft of the poem was from Conrad’s Heart o f Darkness (1902):
‘Did he live his life again in every detail of desire, temptation and surrender during that supreme
moment of complete knowledge? He cried in a whisper at some image, at some vision - he cried out
twice, a cry that was no more than a breath - The horror! the horror’. This was later replaced by a
passage from Petronius’s Satyricon (First Century A.D.).
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