63
These authors have expressed that Encümen-i Saadet had
quite an impact on keeping constitutional movement intact
and making it successful by the Iranian public opinion.
All individuals who took vital roles in Iranian
political history and reform period at the first half of the 20
th
century have been to Istanbul with a few exceptions.
Istanbul stood out in the period between 1906 and 1912, the
most turbulent time in modern Iranian history, mainly due to
political and ideological fractions. Istanbul’s close proximity
to Iranian geography is one factor. Young Turks with whom
they had similar motives had intensified their efforts and
Tbilisi and Baku were home of social democrats while
Baghdad was more inclined to Islamist ideas while Istanbul
was more secular and nationalist. The fact that Istanbul was
exempted from Russian and British pressure
146
on contrary
to Europe, Caucasia, India and Egypt while Iranians living in
Izmir, Trabzon and Erzurum received financial and moral
support created a perfect backdrop for their activities in
Istanbul. As Istanbul was considered to be the center of
Muslim political and cultural life, Ottoman foreign policy
emphasized the integrity of Iran which consolidated
Istanbul’s position as a center of attraction for Iranian
intelligentsia. It can be said that Istanbul served for Iranian
constitutionalist very much like Paris served for the Young
Turks.
147
Conclusion:
Istanbul and Ottoman lands, a significant location
for activities of Iranian intelligentsia towards the mid-19
th
Melekzade, on the other hand, states that it played a considerable role in
reinstating the constitutional structure besides other domestic and
international constitutionalist organizations., op.cit.., Vol: V,p. 990.
146
Dawlatabadi states that Russians imposed pressure on European
countries in order for Iranian opponents to stop their activities, Hayat-ı
Yahya, Vol: III, p. 74.
147
Gökhan Çetinsaya also states that Istanbul was like Paris to Iranian
opponents. “Tanzimat’tan Birinci Dünya Savaşına Osmanlı–İran
İlişkileri”, Kök Araştırmalar (Osmanlı Özel Sayısı), Ankara: KÖK Social
and Strategic Research Foundation, 2000, p. 13; also Djamchid Benham
delivers a causal relationship between Istanbul’s superiority and Iranian
merchants financial and Young Turks’ political support as manifested in
literary, religious and political publications in the context of the Middle
East and Caucasia., op.cit.., “Le Rôle de la communauté iranienne
d’Istanbul dans la processus de la modernisation de l’Iran”, Les Iraniens
d’Istanbul, p. 9.
64
century, have gone unnoticed and overlooked by Iranian and
foreign researchers. Iranian researchers tend to study
Western influence as it came over from the West and India
in particular. Foreign researchers highlight Russian influence
coming over from Caucasia. Turkish researchers have not
delivered a remarkable study on the matter to date. They
study Ottoman-Iranian relations at political and military
level. Despite the fact that it has been in low-density since
the turn of the 19
th
century, Shiite-Sunni dispute still
constitutes one of the main themes of the Turkish-Iranian
relations (Iran’s historical imperial goals in the context of
Caucasia and Iraq or Kurds as a trump card in Turkey agaist
Turkish presence in Iran etc.)
Covering the period between the first quarter of the
19
th
century and 1912, this study aims to elaborate on
developments in Iran and comment on Iranians who visited
Ottoman lands for various reasons in the 19
th
century as well
as to give a framework of organizational efforts of Iranian
opposition based in Istanbul and their activities. The study
has excluded the strong cooperation between the Ottoman
constitutionalists and Iranian constitutionalists towards the
end of the Young Turks period.
Besides its significance in terms of state tradition,
religious and cultural impact, Iran is a vital country for
Turkey that needs to be observed carefully both politically
and ideologically. It is necessary to study Iran, a country
right by Turkey, in depth in order to make a sound
judgement about its historical development and imperialistic
goals. It is for that reason that its history should be studied
carefully. The author of this article aims to deliver a humble
body of work that stresses specific apprehensions by
utilizing means of history, political science and sociology in
order to comprehend Iran. This study was conducted to that
end.
65
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