After the Second World War 23.000 people were arrested in the early days of May for collaboration with the German occupiers in Denmark. Around 14.000 were later sentenced to prison. 46 were executed.
The judging of the offenders took place in the normal courts and with the normal judicial guaranties. This included that the accused that were mentally ill would not be punished but rather treated in a hospital and that mentally unstable e.g. psychopaths could be placed in special institutions. Therefore a forensic psychiatrist could examine the accused if the court or the Public Prosecutor required that to establish if the accused had any mental illnesses.
This study focuses on the work of the leader of the Copenhagen Forensic Psychiatric Clinic. His name was Max Schmidt, MD and PhD. He was a very controversial person. He was a highly intelligent man with a fine scientific record. But he was nevertheless accused of several forms of non-professional behaviour: That he was biased in his judgement of offenders in the direction of finding more psychopaths than others. Of very coarse and rude language in his written opinions. One critic suspected him of being mentally not fully sane himself based on his early career. He was also accused of prying into sexual matters more than was relevant in the individual cases.
The study tries to find out how far these criticisms have empiric validity.
First it raises the question if forensic psychiatry in 1945-1948 was a mature science of such stability that it could withstand personal prejudices and mental instabilities on the part of the psychiatrist (chapter 2). The answer is not fully so. Contemporary studies of the reliability of the use of diagnoses show that.
The study then turns to the many numbers and analyses about the collaborators that were produced at the time (chapter 3), both by Max Schmidt and others. It is shown that he consistently found - or "produced" - more psychopaths than others. He also, when he presented his results for the public, gave very negative description of the collaborators. Half of them were mentally "abnormal", recruited from "low genetic stock".
Chapter 3 follows Max Schmidt's early career. He was for several years manager of a mental hospital. Here he came into a conflict with most of the staff and he wrote officially to the ministry - in a very confused series of letters - that the main administrative manager of the hospital was mentally ill. This was later proved unfounded. Most of his employees signed a declaration that if he did not leave they would. The town council even supported this. A hearing was held and the material revealed here supports the mentioned doubt about his mental health. Chapter 4 describes his internal fights at the clinic in Copenhagen. It is concluded - with a new diagnosis - that he was a "constitutional perfectionist and misanthrope".
In the next chapter (6) it is then studied if this seems to have influenced his written opinions. Through a study of 106 such opinions it is demonstrated that their conclusions are not always well founded and with enough premises/grounds. It is also shown that he here uses coarse language and unfounded judgemental words. Thus, the view of the critics is supported. He is not, however, prying too often into sexual matters and he is also acquitted of some other "minor charges".
In the final chapter (7) the functions of his work are analysed. It rarely led to accused being acquitted or offered treatment. The function therefore was rather in the public "to explain the evil" (of collaboration). In this way it was a major blemish on Danish forensic psychiatry that has not been studied or taken up before this study.
Litteraturliste
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Beckmann, Jørn (1968). Sammenhængen mellem den psykologiske testkonklusion og det psykiatriske diagnoseforløb. Købehavn:
Bergstedt, Harald (1948). Sange fra Gitteret med et Tilbageblik over et Liv og et Forfatterskab. København: Nybros Forlag.
Bukovsky, Vladimir (1975). Håndbog i psykiatri for afvigere. Teamcos Forlag.
Christiansen, Karl O. (1950). Mandlige Landssvigere i Danmark under Besættelsen. København: Gad.
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Helweg, Hjalmar (1939). Den retslige psykiatri i kort omrids. København: Hagerup.
Helweg, Hjalmar (1949). Den retslige psykiatri i kort omrids, 2. udg. København: Hagerup.
Kramp, Peter (1987). Fra "Speciallæge" til undersøgelsesklinik. Træk af retspsykiatriens udvikling i København - specielt fra 1935. I Politihistorisk Selskab. Årsskrift 1987, s. 141-167. København:
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Langfeldt, Gabriel (1947). Rettspsykiatri for jurister og leger. Oslo: Aschehoug.
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Arkivmateriale
Allerede publicerede værker, jeg anvender, er vist i litteraturlisten ovenfor. Anvendte avisartikler er nævnt løbende i teksten. Her ud over har jeg haft adgang til og brugt følgende arkivmateriale:
Rigsarkivet (RA), arkiv 1355 Justitsministeriets Psykiatriske Klinik. Der er her ifølge registranten over 450 pakker, der tilsyneladende indeholder mentalerklæringer for samtlige landssvigersager. Jeg har anvendt følgende pakker E6 Diagnosekartotek, F10-F12 Schalburgkorpset, F14 DNSAP, F45-F46 Nazister, propagandister og værnemagere, F49 Sommerkorpset og vagtmænd, F50 Frikorps Danmark og S.A., F54 Manuskripter mm., der indeholder artikel- og foredragsmanuskripter og statistik, som jeg især bruger i kapitel 3, F57 Overlægen I.
RA, arkiv 9193, Max Schmidts privatarkiv, der består af 9 pakker. Der er dog ikke mange "private papirer" her, men bl.a. materialer fra internationale konferencer både om psykiatri og alkohol, referater fra møder i og materiale fra mentalundersøgelseskommissionen, statistik og manuskripter.
RA, arkiv 1273, Direktoratet for Statshospitalerne, A9 pk. 794 og 795 (Augustenborg-sagen), A3 pk. 658, Personalekartotek 1940-44. 1273, O2 journalsager 1922-1962, pk. 652 (Max Schmidts ansættelse).
RA, arkiv 0005, Justitsministeriet, 6. kontor, journalsag 152/629 (rykkere), 5. kontor, journalsag 1947/230 (opdelingen i afdeling A og B).
Her ud over har jeg set en række sager fra Direktoratet for Statshospitalerne, Justitsministeriet og Indenrigsministeriet, som viste sig uden betydning. Jeg har også gennemset Justitsministeriets journaler med registre for 5. og 6. kontor for perioden 1944 til 1950 og identificeret en række småsager mellem klinikken og ministeriet om alt fra indkøb af reoler til ferie for en medarbejder på klinikken, men ikke set disse sager.
Endelig har jeg undersøgt Carl Madsens arkiv på Det kongelige Bibliotek i håbet om, at han her havde mere materiale om Max Schmidt. Det fandt jeg ikke, på nær et manuskript til et interview med Carl Madsen om Max Schmidt til Roskilde Tidende. Det indeholder intet nyt i forhold til bogen.
Jeg vil gerne takke Rigsarkivet og overlæge, dr. med. Peter Kramp (Max Schmidts privatarkiv) for tilladelse til adgang til båndlagte arkiver (alle de nævnte i RA).
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