Karakalpal state university theory and practise of translation

2.1. UZBEK NATIONAL SPORTS, PHYSICAL EXERCISES AND GAMES
UZBEK NATIONAL SPORTS, PHYSICAL EXERCISES AND GAMES. Since ancient times, the Uzbek people have known various types of physical. exercises and games: horseback riding, kurash wrestling, dorvoz (darvaz), various games and other types of physical. exercises.
National Uzbek games have served and serve not only as a means of entertainment for children and youth, but also as an important factor in their physical fitness. development and health promotion. Through national games and national sports, there is a path to modern classical sports games and individual sports that are widely cultivated in our country.



One of the most common folk sports in Uzbekistan was equestrian sports, especially alaman-baiga (alaman-poiga), baiga (poiga) and ulak.
For individual clans of Uzbeks living in different parts of the Turkestan region, various types of physical. exercises. For example, the Mingi clan of the Uzbeks was famous for ulak competitions, the Kutchi clan had excellent hunters with birds of prey, the Koghistans were good batba walkers, the Katagan clan was known for its wonderful riders. The tribes living in the steppe regions competed in their yurts in the game of chess and checkers on winter evenings, and in the summer months they held races and competitions. in archery, arranged fights in fencing on peaks, held outdoor games, and with the advent of firearms, they competed in shooting from guns.
Since ancient times, such types of physical exercises have been and are still used by the Uzbek people for a long time. exercises such as tug of war, walking on stilts (yogochoyok), and many others.
The most popular among the Uzbek people are the following national sports, physical. exercises and games.
Alaman-baiga (alaman-poiga) - folk race. It reached its greatest development in the Middle Ages. The race was held, as a rule, during the holidays, when young people came from the surrounding auls and villages. The usual topic of conversation among those gathered was the horse, its virtues: running qualities, beauty, etc. These conversations usually turned into an argument, which was resolved by competition. Traditionally, it was attended not only by the disputants, but also by all who were at the feast. They saddled their horses, lined up in one line and, on a signal, rushed forward, into the steppe, to a certain place, in which the entire galloping cavalcade turned back. The one who returned first was considered the winner.
It also happened when Ph.D. a dzhigit who had a good horse challenged his friends to test its qualities by competing for speed and endurance in the races. The participants of the competition gave this horse rider the opportunity to ride on his horse a little ahead of the general group, and then rushed after him. The one who challenged the competition was considered the winner if he managed to gallop away from his pursuers into the steppe so far that they stopped the pursuit, seeing the futility of the struggle.
There were special judges at the competitions - "dayachi". They followed the rules of the race and determined the winners. In the Fergana Valley, girls sometimes took part in such races along with young horsemen.
Alaman-baiga, which is the national sport of the Uzbek people, has firmly entered the life of the peoples of Uzbekistan and is still being held. It is included in the program of holidays and sports days of the republic.
Baiga (poyga) - horseback riding for a long distance. This type of horse racing was called "baiga". In the period before the national state delimitation of the republics of Central Asia, in all historical sources there is precisely such a name that existed among all the nationalities living in the Turkestan region. In the modern Uzbek language, this jump is called. "poiga".
Poig horse racing is designed to test the horse's endurance. Those gathered on the poiga, on a signal, rushed forward to the intended goal. It should be noted that the relatives of the participant in the race could help the participant: beat his horse with a whip, urge and even drag him by the reins. The winner of the race usually received a prize, which was considered the property of the whole family. Poyga arranged almost on all holidays. The day of the great flood was known far beyond its venue. The organizers of the races were usually volost governors, rich bais and beks. The organizers of the poiga, a week before it began, sent special jigits to various parts of Central Asia, inviting those who wished to a big poiga. Sometimes less wealthy people also arranged poiga, but they had to spend their last money on inviting eminent guests, because without them the poiga was not allowed. Poyga settled on flat ground. The start of the competition was given a special signal. The riders in the poiga were mostly teenagers.
It was only after the Great October Socialist Revolution that poiga, as a national form of competition, became the property of the truly broad masses of working people. It is now regarded as an integral part of the Soviet system of physics. education of the Uzbek people. Poiga during the Soviet period is usually held at all major complex competitions. in the form of races over a distance of 50 km.
Batba is a special runner, who was sent by the owner (bek, khan) to various areas of his possession with decrees. When sending a batba, a return date was assigned. If he was late, he was inhumanly punished: he was beaten with a whip, his ears, tongue or nose were cut off. Such terrible punishments, of course, forced the batba to train hard in fast walking. Batba could pass in difficult mountainous places for 70 - 100 miles per day. Sometimes the owners arranged competitions between batba for speed and endurance.
Dorvoz (Darvaz) is a tightrope walker performing on a highly stretched rope with a balancer. Performances of tightrope walkers took place in the distant past, when the most dexterous tightrope walkers, participating in military campaigns in distant lands, glorified the art of their people with their performances. At home, performances of tightrope walkers were usually held during the spring holiday of Guli-Surkh and the religious holiday of Ramadan. Performances of tightrope walkers collected a large number. spectators. Acrobats-rope walkers not only performed exercises in balance with a balance beam, but also complex multiple jumps on a high rope, requiring excellent physical fitness. preparation and accurate calculation.
Performances of tightrope walkers were especially developed in Bukhara, where a large number of people gathered at numerous holidays. lovers of this species exercises. These speeches were usually arranged by individual entrepreneurs and linked: religious prejudices, which was in the hands of honest tribal nobility and the clergy, clouding the minds of the masses.
Rope walking as a national type of physical. exercises of the Uzbek people have survived to the present. Performances of tightrope walkers are now held mainly in the parks of culture and recreation in Uzbekistan, 1 also in state circuses. A group of Uzbek tightrope walkers led by Honored Artist of the Republic Tashkentbaev, one of the oldest masters of circus art, earned wide fame in the Soviet Union and abroad.
Dupy tashar (tossing a skullcap) is an outdoor game for Uzbek children aged 7-14. The players are divided into 2 parties. Those who are in one team sit on the other teams playing, and the couples become in a circle. The riders throw their skullcaps to each other. If one of the riders drops the skullcap, then the roles of the parties change.
Kurash is a national sports wrestling on belts in dressing gowns. It is one of the most favorite and popular types of competitions of the Uzbek people. Kurash has a long history of development. The national wrestling kurash was reflected in fiction, in a number of fairy tales, folk tales, folklore, heroic epic. There is a mention of kurash as one of the types of hand-to-hand combat during military clashes.
Wrestling competitions were a folk custom and were held in all corners of Central Asia, usually on the days of the New Year holiday (nauruz), as well as during spring holidays (sail). The wrestling was attended by both local and visiting famous wrestlers (Palvans), as well as amateurs from among the spectators. During the struggle, the opponents, holding on to their belts, tried to knock each other to the ground. It was allowed to use footboards, padding and similar techniques. The struggle usually lasted 3-6 minutes, but there were cases when it dragged on for a longer time (the time of the struggle was then not limited). To be a winner in kurash and receive a prize (usually a robe) was considered quite flattering for a young man. Moreover, having defeated more than one opponent in heated battles, the palvan became the pride of his fellow countrymen, a celebrity of his village.
Until the beginning of the 20th century. kurash was held without any judges, and often the fights ended in injuries of poorly trained wrestlers. The winner was determined by the audience themselves. At that time, wrestlers did not differ in weight categories. Absolute superiority was played, regardless of the weight of the wrestler.
Uzbek wrestlers also participated in professional wrestling championships in French wrestling, which took place in local circuses. So, in 1911, the well-known Tashkent palvan Akhmed competed in such a championship in Tashkent, who defeated the German champion Gübner.
The national wrestling kurash, as a truly national sport of the Uzbek people, after the Great October Socialist Revolution, firmly entered the Soviet system of physical education. education. Sorevnov. in kurash are included in many complex competitions. sports days of the republic, inter-republican competitions. and especially collective-farm sports days. Now dried apricots are included in the sports classification of the republic. Currently, special rules have been developed for kurash wrestling (Bukhara and Fergana), wrestlers are divided into 8 weight categories.
Kurash according to the Ferghana rules is power belt wrestling, and according to the Bukhara rules it is freestyle belt wrestling. According to the Ferghana rules, it is forbidden to trip and sweep, throw the opponent over the head, throw through the hip without lifting the opponent off the ground, tear off the hands from the opponent’s belt, grab the opponent by the arms, legs and neck, etc. The Ferghana rules of wrestling allow, tearing the opponent off the mat, take him on the hip and throw him on his back or side without taking his hands off the belt, etc. According to the Bukhara rules, it is not allowed to throw the opponent on his head, perform a technique with anti-articular actions, use a chokehold, kicks with legs higher opponent's knees, etc.
Bukhara rules allow you to use: kicking legs, grabbing a leg with a foot (hook), grabbing hands by the neck, grabbing a robe by the collar, grabbing a belt in front, behind, from the side, over the opponent’s shoulder, throws over the thigh, side throws, front and back belt.
Both according to the Ferghana and Bukhara rules, the duration of the bouts is strictly limited: for sportsmen-dischargers - 10 minutes, for boys 17-18 years old and beginners-adults - 8 minutes, for boys 15-17 years old - 6 minutes.
Oksok karga (lame crow) is an outdoor relay-type game. Two teams with equal numbers. players line up against each other. In turn, each of the players ties his leg (right or left) so that the scarf covers the lower leg and thigh of one leg. Then the “march” command is given, and the players of both teams on one leg jump to the opposite team, and then, having unfastened the scarf on their leg, they run back to their party. Then the handkerchief is passed to another player, and so on until the last player, who runs to the head of the game and hands over the handkerchief to him. The team that first passes the handkerchief to the head of the game wins.
Ok terak, kuk terak (white poplar, green poplar) is an outdoor game for Uzbek children aged 10-12. The players are divided into two equal teams and stand opposite each other, holding hands tightly. Every team has a leader. One team says in chorus: "White poplar, green poplar, whom are you asking from us?" Dr. the team replies: "We need (say the name of the player of the opposite team)". The called one quickly runs to the opposite team and tries to break the chain of the other team, formed from the hands of the players. If the chain is broken, then the one who broke it takes one of the opposing team to his team, and if he fails, then he remains in the opposing team. Then the roles of the teams change. This game is very common in all regions of Uzbekistan and is still played today.

Orda is an outdoor game for Uzbek children aged 12-15. On bright moonlit nights, players gather at a designated place and are divided into two groups. One of the groups has a horse bone. This bone is thrown aside, and then everyone runs to look for it. The one who found the bone, shouting: "I have the bone!", Rapidly runs to the agreed point, called the "horde". If he manages to reach the goal before the other groups playing catch up with him, then the opponents carry the young man on his back, who found the bone. This game is still being played today, but not at night, but during the day.
Saish (sais) is an ancient war game on horseback. 2 horsemen, armed with spears and protected by leather or felt armor, tried to knock each other out of the saddle in a duel at a gallop. These competitions were among the most dangerous and often ended in injury to the rider, and sometimes in death. Such "knightly" fights were held in Central Asia until the October Revolution.
Ulak is one of the types of equestrian competitions. The beginning of its development dates back to about the 10th - 11th centuries. Ulak competitions were held in the form of a game. In front of a huge crowd of riders, often several hundred people, they threw the carcass of a goat or calf, from which the head and entrails were previously removed. The riders rushed at the abandoned goat, trying to pick it up from the ground without dismounting from the horse. After a long struggle, the most dexterous and courageous rider (chavandoz), sitting on a trained horse (ulakchi at), most often with the help of his comrades, managed to escape from the crowd with a goat and, fighting off his pursuers, throw the carcass at the finish line. The winner received gifts: a silk robe, money, rams, etc.
This rather gambling competition was poorly organized before the October Revolution, and it often ended in the mutilation of people and horses, and often in victims. In the ulak, not only the virtues of the horse were revealed, but, above all, the skill and strong-willed qualities of the rider, who had to have courage, strength, courage, and dexterity. These competitions were organized more often by wealthy bais, khans, beks, who played into the hands of this kind of entertainment for the masses, as a means of distracting the most powerful, strong-willed and courageous people from the class struggle against their oppressors.
Ulak was usually held during the holidays, most often at weddings or at the so-called. tamashe (entertainment). Sometimes the ulak was arranged by whole villages and waving together.
In the XVI century. among the Mings (a kind of Uzbeks who lived in the valley of the Zeravshan River) on wedding holidays (kiqakhtoy), competitions in ulak were invariably arranged. Such a holiday was usually celebrated in the house of the bride's father on the bridegroom's dowry.
After the Great October Socialist Revolution, ulak became a truly popular type of competition, accessible to everyone. Since that time, ulak has been held in an organized manner, on special squares or hippodromes, in compliance with certain rules of the game, developed in detail by the republican council of the Union of Sports Societies and Organizations of Uzbekistan .

Rope walkers in Bukhara (Uzbekistan)

Chilik is an outdoor game similar to the Russian game "chizhik". It is very common among Uzbek children and young men aged 7-15. A small hole is dug on the ground, on which a stick ("karush agach") is placed. One of the stick players makes a blow to the stick and, when it takes off, hits it again hard. After that, the hitter puts his stick on a recess in the ground, and another young man runs to the karush agach and throws it into the stick lying on the recess. If he does not hit, then he is assigned a penalty ("opi"). The penalty is that the karush agach is thrown over a long distance and the one who has been hit must run from the place where the stick fell to the recess, without taking a breath, and shout "a-a-a". This game is held in almost all regions of Uzbekistan.
Chowgan - horse polo. This game is similar to the ancient game of guibozi (see Tajik national sports, physical exercises and games ), with the difference that sticks like clubs with a curved end were used to beat the ball, and long sticks with a hammer at the end were used in the guibozi game. The beginning of the development of this interesting game dates back to the period of the Arab conquests in Central Asia (VII - VIII centuries). The game was one of the entertainment of warriors. The players were divided into 2 equal parties. The riders had special sticks ("suljans"), with which the ball was knocked up. Each team sought to pass the ball into the opponent's goal, which stood at the ends of a large square (Maidan).
Sometimes the game of chougan was not played on horses - then it resembled modern grass hockey. Chowgan has not survived to this day and is not currently held.
Shaitan-shaitan (damn-damn) is an outdoor game for older children. Each player digs a hole in the ground. One of the holes is made wider than others and called. "shaitan" (hell). Then they choose who will stand above the devil. The chosen one is declared the leader and observes the rules of the game. Then the players take turns rolling the ball through the holes. If the ball rolls into someone's hole, then the person throwing the ball sits astride the owner of the hole and rides on it. Then the ball is rolled up no longer in turn, and only the "horse" uses this right, which tries to roll the ball into someone else's hole in order to get rid of the rider and turn into him himself. They don’t sit on the leader, but when the ball hits the shaitan, the leader quickly takes it out and stains one of the players who run away from him. The stained one becomes a horse, and the leader puts anyone he wants on him or sits himself.

Used literature
1. Encyclopedic Dictionary of Physical Culture and Sport. Volume 3. Ch. ed. - G. I. Kukushkin. M., 'Physical culture and sport', 1963. 423 p.