Tamar Carkviani
358
2. literaturis mimoxilva/konteqsti
mkvlevarTa nawilis mosazrebiT yvela qveyanaSi arsebobs
araformaluri meqanizmebiT regulirebuli movlenebi. am mid-
gomis Tanaxmad, araformaluroba unda gaanalizdes sazogadoe-
bis ganviTarebis donesTan mimarTebaSi. ganviTarebul qveynebSi
araformalur praqtikebs periferiuli mdgomareoba ukaviaT,
xolo naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi araformaluri seqtori
gacilebiT arsebiTia (Leiter, Tedstrom 1997).
araformaluri institutebis qrestomaTiuli analizis av-
torebis (Helmke, Levitsky, 2004) Tanaxmad, araformaluri insti-
tutebis institucionaluri analizisas gasaTvaliswinebelia,
rom socialuri aqtorebis moqmedebebze xSirad araformaluri
motivacia formalurze, xolo araformaluri institutebi
formalurze upiratesia. amitom araformaluri, dauwereli Ta-
maSis wesebis gauTvaliswineblobiT mniSvnelovani cdomileba
Cndeba.
araformaluri institutis cneba Zalian farToa, misi defi-
nicia institutis standartuli gansazRvrebidan unda daviwy-
oT, rogorc wesebisa da procedurebis (rogorc formaluris,
aseve araformaluris), romlebic axdenen socialuri urTier-
Tqmedebis struqturirebas, qmnian aqtorebis moqmedebis siv-
rciT sazRvrebs... araformaluri institutebi sazogadoebaSi
miRebulia. isini Cveulebriv dauwereli wesebia, romlebic iq-
mnebian, xdebian cnobilebi. araformaluri institutebis fun-
qcionireba xorcieldeba araoficialurad sanqcirebuli arxe-
biT da maTi gamoyenebiT aqtorebi iReben sargebels. sapirispi-
roa formaluri institutebi — es iseTi wesebia da procedure-
bi, romlebic iqmnebian, xdebian cnobilebi da maTi gamoyenebisa-
gan sargebeli miiReba arxebiT, romlebic sayovelTaod aRiare-
bulia rogorc formaluri.
formaluri da araformaluri institutebi sxvadasxva sa-
xiT urTierTqmedeben. helmke da levitski (Helmke, Levitsky, 2004)
gvTavazoben aRniSnuli urTierTqmedebis tipologias. arse-
bobs ori dixotomiuri mosazreba — erTis mxardamWerebi miiCne-
ven, rom araformaluri institutebi arian funqcionalurebi
da xels uwyoben problemis gadawyvetas im TvalsazrisiT, rom
meritokratiuli principebi sajaro samsaxurSi
359
isini formaluri institutebis efeqturobas da Sromisunaria-
nobas uzrunvelyofen. meoreni miiCneven, rom araformaluri
institutebi disfunqciuria da qmnian problemebs, radgan kli-
entelizmi, korufcia da patrimonalizmi aferxebs formaluri
demokratiuli, sabazro da saxelmwifo institutebis ganviTa-
rebas. ukanaskneli kvlevebi cxadyofs, rom araformaluri in-
stitutebi mxolod aZliereben da cvlian formalur institu-
tebs, romlebsac isini, rogorc Cans, Zirs uTxrian.
avtorebi gamoyofen oTxi kategoriis araformalur insti-
tuts: Semavsebel, akomodaciur, Camnacvlebel da konkuren-
tuls. am oTxi tipis ganxilva mowmobs, rom araformaluri in-
stitutebis mxolod dixotomiuri ganxilva funqcionaluria.
Semavsebeli araformaluri institutebi Tanaarseboben
formalur institutebTan, maTgan aqtorebi dawerili wesebis
Sesrulebas moelian. isini avseben im niSebs, romlebic dawerili,
formaluri wesiT ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli. Semavsebel ara-
formalur institutebs SeuZliaT gaxdnene formaluri insti-
tutebis safuZveli, qmnian da aZliereben ra formaluri wesebis
dacvis motivebs, romlebic sawinaaRmdego SemTxvevaSi iarsebeben
mxolod qaRaldze. amgvari araformaluri institutebi ara mxo-
lod Tanaarseboben efeqtur formalurTan, aramed TamaSoben ki-
dec sakvanZo mniSvnelobas formaluris efeqturobaSi. Semavse-
beli araformaluri institutis magaliTia uTvalavi normebi da
samuSao procedurebi, romlebic aadvilebs gadawyvetilebis mi-
Rebas da koordinacias biurokratiul struqturebSi. biurokra-
tiul sistemaSi sxvadasxva rgols Soris informaciis operatiu-
lad gacvlis sistema xSirad sustia, amitom TanamSromelma SesaZ-
loa gamoiyenos piradi kavSiri da kolegisagan miiRos swrafad
da efeqturad informacia, romlis miRebac, Tu formalur pro-
ceduras daicavs, gacilebiT met drosa da energias moiTxovs
(mag., oficialuri weriliT mimarTva da a.S.).
akomodaciuri araformaluri institutebi qmnian imgvari
qcevis motivebs, romlebic arsebiTad cvlian formaluri wese-
bis dacviT miRebul Sedegebs, formaluri wesebis pirdapiri
darRvevis gareSe. isini ufro ewinaaRmdegebian dawerili wesis
suliskveTebas.
Tamar Carkviani
360
akomodaciur araformalur institutebs ZiriTadad qmnian
aqtorebi, romlebic ar eTanxmebian formaluri wesebiT miRe-
bul Sedegebs, magram ar aqvT SesaZlebloba maTi Secvlis an Ri-
ad darRvevis. msgavsi araformaluri institutebi xSirad exma-
rebian am aqtorebis interesebis SeTavsebas arsebuli formalu-
ri institutebis struqturebTan. amitom, marTalia, akomoda-
ciur araformalur institutebs ar ZaluZT gaamyaron forma-
luri institutebis stabiluroba da efeqturoba, magram cvli-
lebebis mowodebebs aneleben. akomodaciuri araformaluri in-
stitutebis magaliTia sabWoTa kavSirSi warmoqmnili fenomeni
„blati“ (Ledeneva, 1998). magaliTad, sabWoTa kavSirSi sawarmoebi
ver asrulebdnen saxelmwifo gegmas, xolo individebi ver axer-
xebdnen TavianTi sayofacxovrebo moTxovnilebebis dakmayofi-
lebas, ase gaCnda „blatis“ fenomeni, romelic piradi kavSirebis
gamoyenebiT sabWoTa moqalaqes deficituri momsaxurebis miRe-
bis saSualebas aZlevda.
konkurentuli araformaluri institutebi Tanaarseboben
araefeqtur formalur institutebTan. aseT SemTxvevebSi for-
maluri wesebi da procedurebi sruldeba arasistematiurad,
rac aqtorebs aZlevs SesaZleblobas maTi darRvevisa da igno-
rirebis. aseT SemTxvevebSi araformaluri institutebi axdenen
motivaciis imgvarad struqturirebas, rom isini SeuTavseblebi
xdebian formalur wesebTan: rom Sesruldes erTi wesi, aqtori
iZulebulia daarRvios sxva. aseTi SemTxvevebis yvelaze cnobi-
li magaliTebia — partikularuli araformaluri institutebi,
rogorebicaa: klientelizmi, patrimonalizmi, klanuri politi-
ka da korufcia.
Camnacvlebeli araformaluri institutebi Caanacvleben
araefeqtur formalur institutebs da miiReba is Sedegi, rac
unda miRweuliyo formaluri institutis meSveobiT. rogorc
Semavsebeli instituti, Camnacvlebeli instituti gamoiyeneba
im aqtorebis mier, romlebic miiswrafvian Sedegisaken, rome-
lic Seesabameba formaluri institutis wesebsa da procedu-
rebs. Tumca, rogorc konkurenciuli institutis SemTxvevaSi,
es institutebi arseboben garemoSi, sadac formaluri wesebi
sruldeba arasistematiurad. amitom Camnacvlebeli araforma-
Dostları ilə paylaş: |