meritokratiuli principebi sajaro samsaxurSi
361
luri institutebi exmareba imis miRwevaSi, rasac Teoriulad
unda asrulebdnen formaluri institutebi, rom ara maTi arae-
feqturoba. magaliTad, „kanonieri qurdebis“ instituti.
mniSvnelovani midgoma araformaluri praqtikebis aRweri-
saTvis aris bekis „riskis sazogadoebis Teoria~ (
).
„Crdilovan~, araformalur sazogadoebas, rogorc riskis sa-
zogadoebas, aqvs Tavisi kanonebi, romlebsac saboloo jamSi
yvela emorCileba. Crdilovan bazarze iseTi cnebebi, rogori-
caa usafrTxoebis dacva an misi safrTxis qveS dayeneba, SeiZle-
ba ukavSirdebodes erTi da imave subieqtis saqmianobas, saxel-
mwifos. Tu demokratiul sazogadoebebSi bazari aris sayovel-
Tao socialuri wesrigis elementi, riskis sazogadoebaSi mas
cvlis piradi kavSirebis qseli, romelic mimarTulia kerZo an
korporatiuli interesebis dakmayofilebisaken.
Tanamedrove araformaluroba aris ara inteleqtualuri
kapitali pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis ganviTarebisaTvis, ara-
med sayovelTao gaurkvevlobis da SiSis pirobebSi individua-
liri gadarCena. beki werda, rom riskis sazogadoebis negatiuri
logika motivirdeba gaurkvevlobis SiSiT da gamoixateba for-
muliT „meSinia!~.
araformaluri qselis mTeli saqmianoba mimarTulia ofici-
alur-upirovno urTierTobebis gardaqmnisaken ndobiT-pirov-
nulad, anu esaa socialuri komunikaciis arqaul formebTan
dabruneba. araformaluris institucionalizacia, amave dros,
warmoadgens saxelmwifos deinstitucionalizaciis process.
moxeleebi xelovnurad qmnian legaluri SesaZleblobebis de-
ficits, xolo Semdeg, swored es kanonieri uflebebi iyideba
qrTamis sanacvlod. amgvarad, ufleba gardaiqmneba saqonlad,
romelsac monopoliurad ganagebs saxelmwifo biurokratia.
araformaluri praqtikebis analizisas qseluri midgoma
aris SedarebiT axalgazrda Teoriuli konstruqti, romelic
ganviTarda XX saukunis 50—60-ian wlebSi. am midgomis Camoyali-
beba moxda mogvianebiT, XX saukunis 70—80-ian wlebSi evropuli
da amerikuli kvleviTi skolebis farglebSi. araformaluri
praqtikebis analizi SesaZloa sami monaTesave Teoriis prizma-
Tamar Carkviani
362
Si: gacvlis (Homans, 1974), racionaluri arCevanis (Blau, 1964) da
qseluri Teoriis (Emerson, 1972).
qseluri Teoriis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili warmomadgenlis
— mark granoveteris Teoriis Tanaxmad, qseli aris msgavsi intere-
sebis mqone adamianTa gafarToebuli jgufi. es adamianebi urTi-
erTqmedeben, aqvT araformaluri kontaqti urTierTmxardaWeris
da daxmarebis mizniT (Granovetter, 2002). 1985 wels granoveteri aq-
veynebs naSroms: "Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of
Embeddedness". granoveteri eyrdnoba anTropolog karl polanis
gagebas "embeddedness" da mis interpretirebas axdens, rogorc eko-
nomikis CarTulobas socialur struqturaSi. am midgomiT grano-
veteri aviTarebs koncefcias, romlis Tanaxmadac nebismieri eko-
nomikuri moqmedeba socialurad ganpirobebulia da misi Seswavla,
gageba SeuZlebelia calkeuli individebis motivaciebis Seswav-
lis gareSe. is CarTulia piradi kavSirebis qselSi, raSic igulis-
xmeba regularuli individualuri an jgufuri socialuri kon-
taqtebi qselis wevrebs Soris (Granovetter,1992).
granoveteri Tavis cnobil statiaSi „susti kavSirebis
Zala“, wers, rom swored susti kavSirebia informaciis yvelaze
mniSvnelovani wyaro, romelic subieqtis winsvlas ganapirobebs
(individs karieraSi, kompanias bazarze). amavdroulad, swored
susti kavSirebi xdeba socialuri mobilobis Zlieri meqanizmi.
gansxvavebiT susti kavSirebisagan, Zlieri urTierTkavSirebi
informaciis imgvari wyroebia, romlebic naklebad gansxvavdeba
im informaciisagan, romelsac Tavad subieqti flobs (mag., sam-
saxuris Ziebis praqtika nacnobebisagan, Zveli TanamSromlebi-
sagan da a.S. maTgan ufro met informacias viRebT, vidre ojaxis
wevrebisa da axlo megobrebisagan). aseve granoveteri miuTi-
Tebs susti kavSirebis mniSvnelobaze adamianuri kapitalis ga-
farToebaSi.
3. karieruli winsvlis meqanizmebi sajaro samsaxurSi
sajaro samsaxuris sistemis erT-erTi qvakuTxedi adamianu-
ri resursebis marTvis optimaluri modelis Seqmna da implimen-
taciaa. Tanamedrove kadrebis marTvis principebis danergva ga-
meritokratiuli principebi sajaro samsaxurSi
363
aZlierebs administraciul efeqturobas, Seamcirebs xarjebs
da gaaumjobesebs momsaxurebis standartebs. sajaro samsaxur-
Si adamianuri resursebis marTvis erTiani principebi da stra-
tegia formirebis procesSia. saxelmwifo struqturebSi adamia-
nuri resursebis marTvisaTvis aucilebeli monacemebi, infor-
macia, servisi, monacemTa bazebi, meTodebi da gadawyvetilebebi,
gaziarebisa da ganviTarebis sistemebi arasrulyofilia. saja-
ro samsaxurSi kadrebis marTvis optimaluri modeli Tanamde-
bobrivi winsvlis saSualebebis formalizebul, moqnil siste-
mas gulisxmobs.
meritokratiul principebze orientirebuli karieruli
winsvlis kriteriumebis mkafiod formalizeba da praqtikaSi
danergva gansazRvravs sajaro samsaxuris struqturis Riaobas
da sajaro samsaxuris efeqtur funqcionirebas.
sajaro samsaxuris marTvis strategiis fundaments warmo-
adgens warmatebuli saqmianobisTvis aucilebeli mkafiod gan-
sazRvruli kriteriumebis erToblioba. warmatebis kriteriu-
mebi da sajaro moxeleebis mier maTi gaziareba sajaro sistemi-
sa da sajaro moxelis efeqturobis da ganviTarebis ganmapiro-
bebeli erT-erTi seriozuli determinantia.
kvlevis monacemebi aCvenebs, rom karieruli winsvla „dau-
wereli kanonebis“ Sesabamisad xorcieldeba, amitom aRniS-
nul sakiTxze detaluri saubari tabuirebulia da zogadi,
trafaretuli pasuxebiT Semoifargleba. moxeleebi dawinau-
rebis kriteriumebze msjelobisas xSirad axseneben „xelmZRva-
nelTan Tavis gamoCenis“ faqtors:
„dawinaurebisaTvis rom dokumenturad dgebodes, rom es
TanamSromeli ama da am qulas imsaxurebs ama Tu im saqmianobis
Sesrulebisas ese ar aris. es xdeba xelmZRvanelis dakvirvebis
da xelmZRvanelTan urTierTobis safuZvelze. gawerili norme-
bi ar arsebobs. SeuZlia menejers an ufross daakvirdes vin uf-
ro kargad asrulebs ama Tu im samuSaos, vin ufro kompetentu-
ria da a.S xelmZRvaneli rogor Seafasebs da daafasebs“ (erT-
erTi respondenti).
meritokratiuli marTvis principebi, rogorc zemoT aRi-
niSna, ar gulisxmobs mxolod warmatebis kriteriumebis forma-
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