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In addition to all of the above, Fuller's argument for increasing the frequency of
the fibers of tensegrity structures, their power as the number increases, the
proportions of the fiber parameters in the clusters forming the tension elements,
as well as the significance of the surface mechanical effects of the triangular
perforated shell, especially in the chapter "Geodesic Tensegrity and Earth
Satellites" , strongly recalls what Tesla said about the skin effect and high
frequencies, combined with the high electrical voltage with which he worked.
Only if Tesla worked primarily with electrical engineering, and explained the
electrical effects in the universe through mechanical models, then Fuller – mainly
with mechanical technology, through mechanical models, coupled with the
general principles of synergetic geometry, directly explicating the fundamental
principles of the device of universal mechanics. It is noteworthy that in English the
electrical voltage is translated both as "electric pressure" and as "electric
tension"; so, if the electrical tension is treated exactly as "tension", then, together
with all other similarities of the discourses of Fuller and Tesla, we get an
important aspect of the orientation of the theslov's understanding of the
electrical "tension" of exactly how "electric tension". Both Fuller and Tesla are
scientists of visual-geometric perception in the sense of A. Poincaré (who divides
mathematicians into, roughly speaking, geometrically and algebraically oriented
thinkers in his book "On Science"), but the nature of the visual representation of
his subjects, with all their similarity intuitions, they have different. Perhaps, this is
dictated by the difference in the objects: mechanical relations are easier to
present in the specifics, the relations in the world of electromagnetic phenomena
are always more abstract, although the electrical devices Tesla, in his own words,
were able to represent with utmost clarity: approximately so he imagined an
alternating current motor , when he quoted Faust. And approximately so,
probably, Fulleru saw the geodesic sphere when he went drowning. And here one
more hypothesis-hypothesis arises: synergetic and tensegrity structures should be
the best visual mechanical models of electromagnetic phenomena – in any case,
those who thought and reproduced Tesla. Reproduction of these models should
lead to obtaining effects and understanding of the possibilities of
electromagnetism. On the other hand, electrical engineering on the basis of
Tesla's paradigmatic installations, ascending to the physical philosophy of
Descartes, should be expanded and applied in an applied manner, being the basis
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of electric power as such, what Fuller and his disciples at the universal structural
level.
In the general case, the significant difference between Fuller and Tesla is that if
Tesla in his works and diaries explicitly and bluntly claimed things that today
would seem to the scientific establishment to be complete charlatanry, having the
powerful philosophical basis of Cartesian physics, then Fuller, unlike he had no
such basis, because he relied on his own philosophical constructions within his
own project of the return of metaphysics to science, and therefore persistently
correlated his discoveries and innovations with the already known dos by the
great ones. In this, perhaps, one of the significant reasons why in his works you
can often meet the game with words. So, for example, when it comes to Newton's
gravity in Tensegrity, it uses the word "tension" rather in the meaning of stress,
although it is usually used in "tangite" meaning (tension in itself).
These subtleties are important for understanding the connection between Fuller's
ideas and the ideas of another natural-nonconformist, Victor Schauberger, whose
pair of gravity-levitation categories falls well on the Fuller difference between
compression and stretching, not to mention other moments. However,
Schauberger did not very much appreciate the center of modern physics on
gravity and not only did not relate to Newton, but even joked about him on this
score.
Fuller and Schauberger
Today, the legacy of Victor Schauberger is most actively and creatively studied at
the Technical University of Graz (Austria), as well as at the Technical University of
Braunschweig (Germany), Malmö State University (Sweden) and several scientific
centers in the USA. The fact that Schauberger is also a thinker of visually
geometric, non-algebraic perception is eloquently evidenced by his phrase "we
need not the science of formulas but the science of forms," and the completely
corresponding activity of discretion of the essential geometric forms of living
nature, and creation in accordance with their features of machines, organically
combining, according to his idea, the biology of mechanics with the biology of
electromagnetism.
While Schauberger talked about the need to replace the explosive dynamics of
technical means, the dynamics of expansion and high temperature gradient, on
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implosive, or dynamics of compression and low temperature gradient, for a
radical improvement of energy and engines, Fuller spoke of replacing continuous
compression by discontinuous, combined with continuous extension, and the
rejection of the idea of continuous compression in general, with reference to
load-bearing systems and force distribution structures, but not to energy and
motion generation systems. As Fuller and Shukhov (see below), Schauberger
spoke of resource saving and, like Fuller, his inventions and structures bear the
invariably and claimed biological (or rather, biodimensional) character.
Meanwhile, despite the fact that in the energy sector Schauberger welcomed the
compression, which in the region of carrier systems in a special way (but, of
course, not completely), Fuller denied, and for that, and for another author
compression-tension – on the one hand, and compression -extension-on the
other hand, represented a dialectical unity, but for each in its own system of
concepts. It seems possible to combine these systems.
First of all, it is necessary to interpret these authors without considering their
positions as mutually contradictory. Indeed, Schauberger's explo- sion is related
precisely to the pressure causing compression, of which Fuller writes about the
total dominance in mechanics, while the implosion associated with Schauberger
with the concept of biological vacuum, sparsity, is precisely due to this
circumstance that can be interpreted through tension, and therefore also
expression "Biological vacuum" – through the fuller's concept of integrity of
tension, or tensegrity. The possibility of such an interpretation is unequivocally
indicated by the example with the nature of the lift of the aircraft, quoted by
Fuller in the same article by Tensegrity. A natural, or biological, vacuum, with its
colossal power that Schauberger so closely engaged in, can be considered as a
tension medium. It is interesting to consider this idea from the wire wheel's point
of view for additional ideas of vacuum engineering, especially in that part where it
is a question of twists and vortex flows of systems that relate centrifugal motion
to centripetal motion. On the other hand, the idea of black holes as ethereal
bubbles, rather than superdense objects, which follows directly from the theses
of the world ether, is very interesting to consider, again, from the position of the
world vacuum as the tension of the world environment, in the aspect of the
precessional model of the same wire wheel , since supermassive black holes, as
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