288
interacting wholes may possibly allow us to outline the reasons for the derivation
of these relations in a more constructive logic existing in addition to the logic of
"food chains".
Also Marx and Fuller brings together, in addition to the mentioned Okhitovich,
the cyberneticist Stafford Beer – a socialist scientist who implemented the
Cybersyn project in Chile in the spirit of Fuller's ideas. And, in this sense, Beer not
only connects, but also radically breeds Marx and Fuller, since the author of
Capital could not conceive of industrialization of systems of management of social
processes after the industrialization of production systems, and therefore could
not say anything about such industrialization.
Fuller and Beer
There are no direct references to Fuller in S. Bier's book "The Brain of a Firm", but
also the "Synthetic" regulatory principle, and the hexagonal advisory room, and
many other things unequivocally point to the cornerstone, and not simply the
essential, place of synergistic ideas in the cybernetic project. Fuller's and Beer's
relations are most thoroughly described in my article "Situational centers and
non-centered control systems in a historical context". It hardly makes sense here
to add anything to what was said there – one can only repeat that, starting from
the 2H of the 20th century, the history of the management of resources and the
relations of human communities inhabiting the Earth has developed under the
auspices of Fuller's ideas, even if they are perverted and carefully obscured by
origin those who, on the demand of themselves and the generations of their
clans, took for service only the engineering pathos of these ideas, separating it
from the humanistic and philosophical.
Fuller and Korolev
Well, others will say, he has brought here all who can! And the Korolev there too.
Let the superficial judgments remain on the conscience of such readers. I will say
that a comparison of these individuals is possible on the following grounds. It's
not just that in the beginning, slightly inside and at the end of "Tensegrity", Fuller
talks about the applicability of geodetic structures in space technologies; and not
only in the humanistic thesis of Fuller that the provision of humanity from top to
bottom, and especially at the domestic level, should reach the "aerospace level of
technologies"; and not only that the universal consciousness of Fuller is
289
compatible with the cosmic ideas of the Korolev; and, probably, not only that the
"prestressed" tower was built on the street of the Korolev 's name (although the
coincidence is noteworthy, is it?). The fact is that Korolev sought to Mars, which
required an autonomous system for the reproduction of life on board, and Fuller
said a lot of things about regenerative structures – from star systems and galaxies
to biological systems, while referring to the results of his engineering activities; at
the end of "Tensegrity" he speaks directly about “regenerative cycles of
complementary chemical event patterning governing local exchange balancing of
oxygen and carbon molecules alternately favorable to respective metabolic
environments
of
animals
and
vegetables”
(chapter
"Technological
breakthrough").
This was said in 1961, that is, just a few years before when the experimental
complex of BIOS was created on the basis of the Institute of Biophysics at the
Karsanoyar Institute for the life-support of the flight to the red planet in the USSR,
during which, between 1964 and 1968, experiments were conducted on the
management of a closed ecosystem, and from 1972 experiments were begun with
autonomous survival in a closed biosystem of crews of people. It should be noted
that (according to a "strange coincidence") it was at this time in distant Chile that
Stafford Beer built his project on the basis of the ideas of bio-cybernetic
management, only the eco-nomics of a particular country, and not the ecology of
a particular taken, closed biosphere. What happened to the Beerov project is well
known, with the applicability of the Krasnoyarsk project for its intended purpose,
not everything was smooth either, but unlike the "economic" project and other
"biosphere" projects, the project was successful – the crew was able to stay in the
ecosystem on about 300 square meters, more than a year. Today the laboratory is
called the International Center for Closed Ecological Systems. Around the center
today, the European Space Agency (ESA) is grazing; the well-known project "Mars-
500" was launched taking into account the Krasnoyarsk developments. Of course,
the Americans, who independently embodied the dreams of the Korolev in life,
undoubtedly got their share of the scientific gesheft, the most densely populated
of all earthmen present on Mars with their missions, exciting the imagination with
the amazing discoveries of water and heaps of artifacts.
The BIOS project has been unbeaten for decades, and with it, directly or
indirectly, several noteworthy circumstances are worth mentioning in this
290
commentary. First of all, we tried to repeat it in E. Bass a Biosphere-2 project by
1.5 hectares in the period 1991-94. According to one version, the project number
2 was received because the name Biosphere-1 had an American pavilion at an
exhibition in Montreal in 1967, represented by nothing more than a huge
geodetic dome of Fuller. In turn, the closed building of the ecosystem complex
was underlined in the form of a remarkable architecture of geodetic domes with
large triangular faces, and the walls of huge greenhouses represented the octet
truss of Bell-Fuller in the form of South American pyramids. It is also known that
today the "lite" analogue of Biosphere-2 can be considered a greenhouse park
Eden built in 2001 in the British Cornwall.
The BIOS itself is interesting because its co-leaders – academicians of the Russian
Academy of Sciences I. Gitelzon and I. Terskov – had scientific achievements in
the field of hematology besides scientific interests in ecosystem management.
Here I allow myself a little fantasy. The well-known predecessor of these
scientists, combining interest in self-organization with interest in hematology, was
Bogdanov – "forerunner of cybernetics", the author of "universal organizational
science" of tectology, whose ideas, apparently, were perceived and carried
through the life of Soviet academicians, culminating in his successful project. Like
Fuller, Bogdanov was a monist, and the general humanistic pathos of his
reasoning was also largely in tune with the pathos of Fuller. However, due to
known systemic political reasons, tectological ideas and their embodiment turned
out to be secondary roles in their application – an important and complex, but
still narrowly technological, not allowed, as well as in the South American, fuller-
produced case, to the level of management of social and economic processes.
Well, now such an incarnation in the first roles these ideas receive from the forces
that have a different from the original general humanistic pathos.
My own considerations in the context of Fuller's ideas
The development of Fuller's idea of triangles as spirals created by the same line
can also be considered my attempt to rethink the angle as a geometric
phenomenon that was riddled even before I became acquainted with his
"Synergetics." The motivation for this was my refusal to recognize the point as the
primary homometric body as it appears in Euclid, for as such I considered,
following some Cartesian intuitions, a line, not necessarily a straight line. In
addition, this idea of angles seemed interesting to me from the point of view of
Dostları ilə paylaş: |