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ENGLISH VERSION
ECONOMICS
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AYSEL IBRAHIMOVA
PhD student, Baku State University
e-mail: aysel.shakirqizi@gmail.com
UDC 330.8
NEW APPROACHES IN MODERN ECONOMICS:
INTRODUCTION TO BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS
"Economics is a simple science which requires perfect mind"
C.M.Keyns
SUMMARY
The study sheds a light to the current situation of modern economics
and investigates various approaches to the mentioned problem, as well as
refers to the famous modern economist’s view (particularly Nobel
Laureates’ view) regarding new economic trends and future challenges in
the world. Hence, the main issues of modern economics are discussed and
conflicting factors, as well as actual problems of modern economy are
revealed.
Behavioral economics reveals actual problems in contemporary
economics and investigates new methods whether they answer those
unsolved questions in classic economics:
Are individuals rational as stressed in economic theory? How people
evaluate access to resource they have owned and how to react to the
evaluation of resource allocation and capabilities? Under which
circumstances people pay more than they deserve in reality?
Behavioral economics research solutions to all those arisen questions
both of classic and modern economics applying psychological and
sociological aspects of issues.
Keywords: modern economics, choice, opportunity cost, hypothesis,
behavior, behavioral economics, state and market, mathematical
economics, economic inequality
The thought by Alfred Marshall of "Economics is the study of normal
life of the society" was one of the simplest and most specific definitions to
explain the economy.
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In modern times, it can be said that it is impossible to live without
having knowledge on economy. In our daily life we have to solve
economic issues arising from countless personal needs. We are involved in
economic processes inevitably when we go to the store or restaurant, when
we sell our house or when a loan from the bank. (According to theories of
the consumer behavior: consumer behavior is not coincidence). In this
case, economical situation of the people become dependent from the
economic processes, specifically from the rate of inflation, exchange rates,
interest rates from rising prices and other factors. All this issues plays an
important role in the economic life of the society.
Economic sciences has gone a rich evolution period prior to forming
modern economics. Since XX century, traditional classical and
neoclassical approaches has been subject to change and this science
commenced to get the new picture.
In this period, not only new economic theories appeared, but also
certain changes occurred at the philosophy of economic sciences.
The theories arising at the begining of XX century, which were
connnected with the use of limited resources were translated into deep and
serious science at the end of the century.
According to many economists, theory would be enable to forecast or
explain behavior.
Vasily Leontiev writes about it: ―The theory prepare or develop
different concepts which allow to understand how real economic system
works‖.
This is just organized principles, but due to many other economists‘
point of view, that is independent. From thi point of view, human
behaviour as well as different hypotheses on their preferences play an
assistant role. [1]
Modern economy claims that recources are limited and those must be
used economically and divided fairly in society which is implemented in
individual families.
On the other hand, demand is not limited, on the contrary they are
infinite and this is one of contradiction in economy. Within the society, in
order to meet their needs people built economical relatioship in different
forms and demonstrate various behaviour on it. The purpose of this
economic behavior is to maximize profits. How does this happen?
We already know that economic needs leads the people to have the
economic behavior. This economic behavior are implemented in different
forms. First, people are constantly faced with choices in life. Because
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decision making process requires investigation of other alternative choises.
So, it is economically inefficient to start the alternative business which is
more costly.
For example, Bill Gates interrupted his study at the third year of
bachelor and started to build his programming company. He made an
important decision of his life: become specialist in that field or dealing
with the work which one he loved. Finally he chose the second one and
year later gained billions and only after 23 years, the first time of Harvard
university he was presented as a honored alumni of university.
Time play an important role when people face choices. Because
delayed decision could lead to the loss of the economic efficiency. People
almost always lose when they choose, but decision made by them is
considered as more effective depending on how little value you lose
comparing with your gain. Economical behavior play a crucial role in learn
economy, but this behavior not only belong to people. Government who
make an important decisions in society is also most active participant of
economical processes.
Governments are faced with different choices while forming its
economic policy as people: To achieve social justice in society or to
increase economic efficiency. The decision emerged from this choice is the
backbone of its economic policy but the government don‘t make this kind
of decision alone and refer to economist‘ thoughts. Besides that it is known
that In each state, agencies and bodies are involved in making economic
decisions. But it is fact that economists often do not agree with each other
and often use the words "on the other hand". American President Harry
Truman said: "I'm looking for a one-sided economist". At the beginning of
the XX century, Keynesian theories of economic thought were superior.
His ideas have been successfully implemented in practice. Keynes was
more intelligent politician rather than an economist. In his opinion, the
study of the economy does not require any high-level special abilities. He
wrote: "Economic theory is not an easy subject compared to the complex
philosophy or net accurate science?. An easy subject that few people can
learn perfectly! Perhaps the explanation of this contradiction is the
requirement of a rare combination of abilities from the master of
economics. He must also be a bit mathematician, historian, statesman and
philosopher of some degree. In the light of today's past, he must learn for
future purposes. He should be purposeful and should be far from dual
mood; sometimes should be on the top and clean as an artist and
sometimes close to the ground as politician." [2]
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