3.The third period of 19 years (1994 ... 2014) - 2,030C, which characterizes the increase in the
average annual air temperature in the late 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century.
The difference-integral curve of the average annual air temperature shows
a trend of an
increase in the average annual air temperature by 1.0 ... 1.5 ° C. In a modern climate, an
increase in air temperature over a warm period leads to an increase in water temperature and
evaporation from the water surface of lakes. The results of calculating the water balance of the
lakes Shortan, Burabai and Ulken Shabakty are given in Table 1.
Table 1 - The main characteristics of the water balance of Lake Shortan
in the middle of the
20th century and at the beginning of the 21st century
Characteristics of water balance
In the middle of the 20th
century
in the early 21st century
Change
Layer per
lake area,
mm
Volume,
million m³
Layer per lake
area, mm
Volume,
million m³
mm
million
m³
Inflow of water from the catchment and
water exchange through the lodge of the
lake
390
7,25
281
4,00
-109
-3,25
A stock of water in the snow on the
surface of the lake at the beginning of the
spring snowmelt and precipitation falling
on the surface of the lake during the
period from the beginning of snowmelt
to the beginning of freezing
290
5,40
351
5,00
61
0,40
Evaporation from the water surface of
the lake during the period from the
beginning of snowmelt to the beginning
of freezing
680
12,65
726
10,1
46
-2,55
Acknowledgements
Participated in the competition of the Regional Environmental Center of Central
Asia in
conjunction with the World Bank Institute in the competition of student applications for
research, International Conference of Young Scientists and Students "World of Science"
dedicated to the twentieth anniversary of the adoption of the state symbols of the Republic of
Kazakhstan, one degree diplom
References (use a 10 point Calibri font for references)
Resources of surface waters of areas of development of virgin and fallow lands. Under the
general editorship of Uryvaeva VA, Issue 1, Akmola region of the Kazakh SSR. - L .:
Gidrometeoizdat, 1958. - 790 p.
40
Identification and Comparison Sea Cucumber Species in the Northern Coast of
the Persian Gulf in Different Seasons
Salari-Aliabadi M.A
1
*, Monjezi-Veysi M
2
1. Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science, Khorramshahr University of Marine
Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Khuzestan, Iran.
2. Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, Isfahan University of Technology,
Isfahan, Iran.
Corresponding author, e-mail: salari1346@yahoo.com
Key words: sea cucumber, spicules, Persian Gulf
INTRODUCTION
Sea cucumbers are a diverse group of echinoderms belongs to class Holothuroide, that
traditionally consumed as a food with high nutritional value and for medicinal purposes such as
inflammatory conditions, in Asia (especially in East Asia, as China, Japan, and South Korea) and the
Middle East for many years (Trinidad-Roa 1987; Canicatti & Roch 1989; Hawa et al. 1999; Castro &
Huber 2000; Mamelona et al. 2007; Purcell et al. 2010; Wen et al. 2010; Al Marzouqi et al, 2011;
Bordbar et al. 2011; Salarzadeh et al, 2012; Wijesinghe et al, 2013; Purcell et al. 2014a, b).
Considering few studies conducted to this context on sea cucumbers in the Persian Gulf, thus
further studies will be need for better understand of these
organisms, which due to vastity and
high diversity of the Iranian coast of the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea, more new species will be
identified. The important aim of this research was to identify rocky shores sea cucumber species
in the northern coast of the Persian Gulf with compare of the internal skeletal structure. The
other goal of this study is to evaluate influence of physiochemical factors on frequency and
density of these species.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Four physiochemical factors including temperature (°C), salinity (ppt), dissolved oxygen (DO mg/l)
and pH were measured during the four season spring, summer, fall and winter, using digital
multimeter model SP701. Measurement of these factors was in three replicates at each station.
Specimens of the sea cucumbers were collected at all seasons 2012, in the intertidal rocky shores
of the Persian Gulf. According to vast area of the Persian Gulf, were selected and examined 6
stations and in each station 3 transects perpendicular to the coast, coverage all tidal zone (table 1
and Figure 1). Transects position was determined using GPS devices. Sampling was carried out in
the
highest tidal range, and during lowest tide. Using of quadrate, is one of the methods for
counting individuals in biological communities. For investigation on sea cucumbers has been used
of this method in many studies (Al-Rashdi et al. 2007; Ceesay et al. 2012; Dereli et al. 2015). In this
research, Specimen collection on each transect was performed by quadrat 10×20 m
2
(Conand et
al. 2005).
RESULTS
41
Temperature, salinity, DO and pH as 4 environmental factor were investigated. The average
temperature values measured in season’s spring, summer, fall and winter were 32.60±2.32°C,
37.13±1.98°C, 27.45±2.00°C and 25.76±2.41°C, respectively. There was significant differences for
temperature in different seasons (Kruskal-Wallis, P<0.05). Maximum and minimum temperature,
respectively detected in summer and winter with values 39.40±0.17°C and 21.60±0.19°C. The
average salinity amounts were measured in different seasons 42.68±0.10ppt (spring),
44.48±0.17ppt (summer), 41.32±0.15ppt (fall) and 42.03±0.09ppt (winter). Kruskal-Wallis test
show significant differences for salinity among 4 season (P<0.05). The highest salinity values were
observed in spring (45.72±0.16ppt) and lowest in summer (39.82±0.16ppt). The highest and
lowest DO were recorded in winter (13.78±0.16 mg/l) and summer (5.88±0.16 mg/l), respectively.
The mean DO values in four season spring (10.73±2.09), summer (9.57±2.93), fall (11.30±1.69)
and winter (11.51±1.09) were calculated, which detected significant differences between
different seasons (Kruskal-Wallis, P<0.05). Maximum and minimum pH were recorded in Nayband
Gulf (8.99-winter) and Bushehr (8.19- summer), respectively. Mean pH for 4 season was
estimated 8.52±0.18 (spring), 8.44±0.17 (summer), 8.68±0.17 (fall) and 8.60±0.29 (winter). There
was no significant differences for pH in different seasons (Kruskal-Wallis P< 0.05).
In this study, were observed two species of sea cucumbers
Holothuria parva and
Holothuria
arenicola during different seasons. Both species belongs to the Genus and Orders
Holothuria and
Aspidochirotida, respectively.
H. parva (Kraussin Lampert 1885), has a fusiform body with dark
green color to black, that live in the intertidal zone under rocks. During
the study, the species
have been observed at all sampling of Dayer port and Bostaneh Port stations, while were not
observed in Bushehr and Nayband Golf stations in the spring season. Mean frequency for parva
was 18.54 individual in 200 meters. Number of their legs was smaller and fewer in dorsal body
surface (papillae) compared to ventral surface (pedicle). Mouth of
H. Parva, is located in
abdominal position, and anus is the type of terminal. They have bar-shaped spicules with small
thorns in body wall. Their feet have small spicules similar spicules in the body wall, and also other
type of spicules like to perforated plate. In Tentacles, also be observed bared spicules.
Noteworthy, Length of radial plates in calcareous ring is greater than their width. This species,
mostly distributed in the Indian Ocean.
Holothuria arenicola (Semper 1868) usually have seen
filthy white, but sometimes has been accessed to the yellow and red colors. In this species on the
dorsal body surface can be seen two rows of black spots. Another characteristic of this species is
medium size, cylindrical shape
body with two narrow end, central mouth and terminal or
subterminal anus. Calcareous rings were relatively large and thick, and length of radius plates
more than plates between the radius. The species distributed in the Western Indian Ocean, Red
Sea, Persian Gulf, the Maldives, Bay of Bengal and Hawaii. Mean frequency of this species
detected low in different seasons and all stations (mean frequency: 2.29 in 200 meter). In Tables 2
to 6, brought shape and type of different spicules in various body pieces of two species
H. parva
and
H. arenicola. Clearly can be seen differences between two species studied in term of type and
shape of their calcareous ossicles.
DISCUSSION
In this study, were observed two species of sea cucumber from the northern Persian Gulf coastal
tidal zones. Both species observed in the
study area, belongs to
Aspidochirotida order and
Holothuriidae family. Relative abundance of
H. parva was so much more than
H. arenicola.
According to the findings and observe
H. parva in research conducted by Heding (1940), this
42