Uzbekistan state world languages university translation faculty guiding and interpreting activities

1.2. Development Stages Of Tourism Activity

A person's leisure travel outside their local area is mostly confined to the wealthy classes, who sometimes travel to distant parts of the world to see great buildings and works of art, learn new languages, and experience new cultures. , traveled to enjoy the pure nature and experience different tastes. kitchens. As early as Shulgi's time, kings praised themselves for protecting roads and building way stations for travelers. Pleasure travel can be seen in Egypt as early as 1500 BC. Ancient Roman tourists visited spas and coastal resorts such as Baiae during the Republic. They were popular with the wealthy. The Roman upper class spent their leisure time on land or sea, traveling to their villa urbana or villa maritima. Many villas were located in Campania, around Rome, and in Barcola, near Trieste, in the northern part of the Adriatic. Pausanias wrote his Description of Greece in the 2nd century AD. In ancient China, nobles sometimes made it a point to visit Mount Tai and sometimes all five sacred mountains.⁶
Middle Ages
By the Postclassic period, many religions, including Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam, had developed pilgrimage traditions. The Canterbury Tales (c. 1390s), which use the pilgrimage as a framing device, remain classics of English literature, and the Journey to the West (c. 1592), an important place in Chinese literature, features a Buddhist pilgrimage. central to his story. In medieval Italy, Petrarch wrote an allegorical account of his 1336 ascent of Mont Ventoux, praising the act of travel and criticizing frigida incuriositas ("cold curiosity"); this account is considered one of the first known examples of self-interested travel. The Burgundian poet Michault Taillevent [fr] later wrote his haunting memoirs of his journey through the Jura mountains in 1430. During the Song Dynasty (960–1279) in China, "travel writing literature" (yóujì wénxué) became popular. Travel writers such as Fan Chengda (1126–1193) and Xu Xiake (1587–1641) included a great deal of geographical and topographical information in their writings, as did the famous poet and statesman Su Shi, who wrote the "Daytime Essay on Stone Bell Mountain" ( 1037-1101) made the philosophical and moral argument the main goal.
Grand Tour
Modern tourism can be traced back to the journey known as the Grand Tour, which was a traditional journey across Europe (especially Germany and Italy) by upper-class European youth, mainly from Western and Northern European countries. In 1624, Ladislaus Sigismund Vasa, the eldest son of Sigismund III, the young prince of Poland, went on a tour of Europe, as was the custom of the Polish nobility. He traveled through what is now Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands, where he witnessed the siege of Breda. France, Switzerland, Italy, Austria, and the Czech Republic by Spanish troops. It was an educational journey and one of the results was the introduction of Italian opera in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The custom flourished from about 1660 until the advent of large-scale rail transit in the 1840s, and generally followed a standard route. It was an educational opportunity and a rite of passage. Although mainly associated with the English nobility and wealthy landowners, similar trips were made on the continent by wealthy young men from the Protestant Northern European nations, and from the second half of the 18th century, young people from South America, the United States and other foreign countries also added. After railroads and steamships made travel easier, the tradition became more middle-class.
The Grand Tour was a real status symbol for upperclassmen in the 18th and 19th centuries. During this period, Johann Joachim Winckelmann's theories about the superiority of classical culture became very popular and appreciated in the European academic world. Artists, writers and travelers (for example, Goethe) confirmed the superiority of classical art, which brought great examples of Italy, France and Greece. For these reasons, the main destinations of the Grand Tour were centers where high school students could find rare examples of classical art and history.
The New York Times recently described the Grand Tour as:
Three hundred years ago, rich young Englishmen began to travel to France and Italy after Oxbridge in search of art, culture and the roots of Western civilization. With virtually unlimited funds, aristocratic connections, and months (or years) to get around, they commissioned paintings, honed their language skillsimproved and mixed with the upper crust of the continent.
- Gross, Matt., Lessons from the 'Frugal Grand Tour.'” New York Times, September 5, 2008.
The main value of the Grand Tour was to reveal the cultural heritage of classical antiquity and the Renaissance, as well as the aristocratic and fashionable polite society of the European continent. Leisure travel was associated with the industrial revolution in the United Kingdom - the first European country to promote leisure for its industrial population. Initially, it belonged to the owners of the machines of production, the economic oligarchy, the factory owners, and the merchants. These formed a new middle class. Cox & Kings was the first official traveling company founded in 1758.
The English origins of this new industry are reflected in many place names. In Nice, France, one of the first and best-established resorts on the French Riviera, the long seaside esplanade known to this day as the Promenade des Anglais; many other historic resorts in continental Europe have older, well-established palatial hotels with names such as the Bristol Hotel, Hotel Carlton or Hotel Majestic - reflecting the predominance of English clientele.⁷
Thomas Cook, the pioneer of the travel agency business, got the idea to offer tours while waiting for a train at Kibworth on the London Road. With the opening of the expanded Midland Counties Railway, he organized a group of 540 temperance campaigners to a rally in Loughborough, eleven miles (18 km) from Leicester Campbell Street station. On July 5, 1841, Thomas Cook offered to pay the railroad company one shilling. per person; This includes rail tickets and food for the journey. Kuck was paid part of the fares charged to passengers, as railway tickets could not be issued at his own cost, being a legal contract between the company and the passenger. [ identification needed ] It was the first privately chartered excursion train to be advertised to the general public; Cook himself admitted that there had been previously unadvertised private excursion trains. For the next three summers, he planned and conducted trips for temperance societies and Sunday schools.children. In 1844, the Midland Counties Railway Company agreed to a permanent deal with him on the condition that he found passengers. This success led him to start his own business, providing rail tours for pleasure, taking a percentage of the rail fares.
He planned his first foreign excursion in 1855, when he took a group from Leicester to Calais to coincide with the Paris Exhibition. The following year, he began his "grand tour" of Europe. In the 1860s, he received parties in Switzerland, Italy, Egypt, and the United States. Cook created the "inclusive independent tour," in which the traveler went independently, but his agency paid for travel, food, and lodging for a fixed period of time on any chosen destination. Such was its success that the Scottish railway companies withdrew their support in 1862-1863 to try the excursion business themselves.