2016–2017 Double Issue
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93 (6.3) í ósi Níðar – osi [n.masc.dat.sg of óss ‘mouth of a river’], Níðar [n.fem.gen.sg of Níð ‘river Nid’]. This stands for í Níðarósi [‘in Trondheim’], where the events of Laxdæla 74 take place (on the syntax, see “Noun Phrase Word Order” above). (6.4) mældi armi – [v.3.sg.pret.ind. of mæla ‘measure’], armi [n.masc.dat.sg. of armr ‘arm’]. The verb has d in preterite, unlike its etymologically distinct homonyms mæla [v. ‘speak’], which has t, and mæla/mála [v. ‘paint’]. Armi is a dative instrumental; the phrase means ‘Þorkell measured the wooden frame of it (i.e. the church) with his own hand’. This is the only finite verb in the first half-stanza; the sentence runs as follows: Þorkell Eyjófls, mjǫk merkr, mældi armi karma þess al-fríðs musteris í Níðarósi, hátt á burstum [‘Þorkell of Eyjólfr, a famous person, measured the frame of the very beautiful church in Trondheim with his own hand, [sitting] high on the gable’]. (6.4) karma – [n.masc.acc.pl. of karmr ‘wooden frame’]. Þorkell was measuring the church’s frame while it was still being built (see plot summary above). (6.5) eins – eins [adj.masc.gen.sg of einn ‘one’] is a displaced adjective agreed with guðs [n.masc.gen.sg of guð ‘God’], and the correct word order for this noun phrase is stóran rann eins guðs [‘big house of one God’]. In the same verse, stóran [adj.masc.acc.sg of stórr ‘big’], agreed with rann [n.masc.acc.sg of ran ‘house’], is also a displaced adjective. Such displacement is nothing unusual for classical dróttkvætt and is used regularly alongside other splittings and inversions (see “Features Retained from Classical dróttkvætt”). This noun phrase features several splits and inversions: the correct word order is either stóran rann eins guðs or eins guðs stóran rann with nn distancings. The actual order in the stanza text is eins stóran ... guðs rann with three distancings (between stóran and rann, rann and eins, and eins and guðs) and several inversions. (6.5) girndisk – [v.3.sg.pret.ind.refl. of girna ‘to yearn for, long for, have a craving for’]. An expansion on the reference to Laxdæla 74. The manuscript spelling with -t- is a mark of lateness: it is MI, while ON has preterite with d (to which we emend). (6.5) gera – [v.inf. ‘make’]. See “Concerning the Close”. (6.6) banni – [v.3.sg.pres.subj. of banna ‘forbid’]. The phrase runs þó konungr banni [‘even though the king forbade [that]’]. In the saga, however, the king did not forbid Þorkell to copy his church; Óláfr was offended by actions of Þorkell (i.e. his attempts to copy and even surpass the king’s church), regarding this as a presumption, and uttered a prophecy to the effect that the wood taken by Þorkell will not be used to build the huge church he intends to, thus effectively cursing him. (6.7) hollr – [adj.masc.nom.sg. ‘gracious (of kings and chiefs)’]. Agreed with konungr [n.masc.nom.sg. ‘king’] in the previous line. (6.8) afmáði – [v.3.sg.pret.ind. of af-má ‘to destroy’]. A rather rare ON verb. 7. Hardbeins Son Helġe giórde, hrÿngþoll i giegnum Bolla, Sa̋ratein breidan̄ bera, bla̋n ſkipte hÿlldar ma̋na; Húgfúllan̄ Helga feller Hóllú Sonar b7ÿntrólled, darraſkűr dal i Skorra, dúnde űr Skÿúm únda. 7. Harðbeinsson Helgi gerði hringþoll í gegnum Bolla, sáratein breiðan bera blán, skipti Hildar mána. Hugfullan Helga fellir Hǫllusonar bryntrollit. Darraskúr dal í Skorra dundi ór ským undan. Regular word order Helgi Harðbeinsson gerði hringþoll í gegnum Bolla. [Helgi gerði] bera blán [ok] breiðan sáratein. [Helgi] skipti Hildar mána. Bryntrollit [Þorgils] Hǫllusonar fellir hugfullan Helga. Darraskúr dundi undan ór ským í Skorradal. Approximate English translation Helgi Harðbeinsson ran a spear through Bolli, carried a wide-bladed spear 94 blue, split the moon of battle [→ SHIELD ]. The fearless Helgi was killed by the armour-troll [→ GROUP OF WARRIORS / ARMY ] of [Þorgils] Hǫlluson. The rain of spears [→ BATTLE ] at Skorradal rained from the skies [i.e. was very loud]. Commentary (7.2) hring-þoll – hring- [bare stem of n.masc. hringr ‘bracelet; sword’s guard’]; þoll [n.masc.acc.sg. of þollr ‘fir-tree’]. The whole is a kenning-like structure that here means SPEAR , referring to that with which Helgi kills Bolli (Laxdæla 55) (see “Kennings” above). (7.3) sáratein – sára [n.neut.gen.pl. of sár ‘wound, sore’], tein [n.masc.acc.sg. of teinn ‘thorn’]. The whole is a classic kenning ‘thorn of wound’ → SWORD , yet here, like hring-þollr [‘ring-fir’] → SWORD in 7.2, means SPEAR . (7.4) blán – [adj.masc.acc.sg. of blár ‘blue or jet-black’]. It is most likely agreed with sáratein (a SPEAR -kenning: 7.3), depicting the dark color of metal, but may also be agreed with mána (baseword in a SHIELD - kenning: 7.4). (7.4) skipti – [v.3.sg.pret.ind. of skipta ‘divide into shares; be of importance’]. A rare and somewhat awkward Icelandic use of the verb, as its meaning here seems to be ‘to split into parts by striking’, presumably referring to Helgi’s spear going (‘splitting’) through Bolli’s shield and pinning him to the wall, according to the saga. (7.4) Hildar mána – Hildar [n.fem.gen.sg. of Hildr ‘Hildr’ (name of a valkyrie), acts as heiti for BATTLE ]; mána [n.masc.acc.sg. of máni ‘moon’]. The whole is a ‘moon of battle’ → SHIELD kenning. (7.6) Hǫllusonar – [n.masc.gen.sg. of Hǫllusonr ‘son of Halla’]. A reference to Þorgils Hǫlluson, whom Guðrún was able to goad into killing Helgi through a deceitful promise of marriage (Laxdæla 57‒ 65; see plot summary above). (7.6) bryn-trollit – bryn- [bare stem of n.fem. brynja ‘armour, coat of mail’], trollit [n.neut.nom.sg. of troll ‘troll’, with agreed postpositive definite article]. The whole reads ‘troll of armour’, a kind of halberd according to ClVig, but it can also be read as kenning for AXE . The correct form is troll (JdV: 598), while the manuscript has trǫll, a later variant form; we replace it with the etymologically correct one for the sake of editorial consistency, yet the late form is necessary here for a correct aðalhending with (etymologically correct) Hǫllu and is a mark of the lateness of text. The whole phrase means ‘Halla’s son’s halberd/axe killed the valiant Helgi’, which is inconsistent with the saga: the axe is carried by Helgi, while both Þorgils Hǫlluson and Bolli Bollason carry swords; also, it is Bolli who kills Helgi. A factual error on the part of our poet seems very unlikely: he is attentive to tiny details of the saga text, sometimes with direct verbal corres- pondences (see 5.5 above). We presume that our poet has not made a mistake or worked from an anomalous copy of the saga. We therefore interpret ‘the armour- troll’ not as a weapon but as an ad hoc kenning → WARRIOR . Neuter nouns can have a collective meaning in the singular, and its use here can thus be construed as ‘ GROUP OF TROLLS / ARMY ’, referring to Þorgils Hǫlluson’s party that dispatched Helgi. In classical poetry, troll is only attested as a baseword in kennings for AXE , never for MAN / WARRIOR , and this type of collective use of the neuter singlur is not found; this use of bryntroll → ARMY can thus be considered a poetic invention of our poet with no basis in the kenning system of classical dróttkvætt. (7.7) darra-skúr – darra [n.neut.gen.pl. of darr ‘spear’], skúr [n.fem.nom.sg. ‘shower’]. ‘Shower of spears’ → BATTLE is a straight- forward ‘bad weather of weapon’ kenning. (7.7) dal í Skorra – stands for í Skorradal. Skorradal is where Helgi Harðbeinsson lived and was killed in an event referenced by this stanza (on syntax, see “Noun Phrase Word Order” above). (7.8) dundi – [v.3.sg.pret.ind. of dynja ‘to gush, shower, pour (of rain), with the additional notion of sound’ (following ClVig: 111)]. The presence of ‘noise’ in the semantics allows the verb to be used in the meanings ‘to din, rumble’, referring to battle; here it is semantically agreed with skúr, the whole phrase meaning ‘the battle made so much noise as to fill the sky’, yet Yüklə 6,76 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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