By May 1849, with liberals in disarray, the crown refused by the Prussian
monarch, the members of the Frankfurt Parliament started to return home. A
committed rump removed itself to Stuttgart, whence it was dispersed by troops
in June 1849. Attempts in Baden and the Palatinate to enforce the new
constitution approved by the Frankfurt Assembly were relatively easily
suppressed by the Prussian army. The revolution appeared to be over.
It is a curious revolution to evaluate. National unification was manifestly
not achieved: it foundered on the rocks of regional particularism, the
unwillingness of sovereigns to subsume their sovereignty in a wider entity, and
the facts of power politics. Liberals possessed both too little real power, and too
little popular support, to be able to put through their programme: they also were
on many issues divided amongst themselves. But it was not a revolution without
consequences. Feudal social relations on the land, effectively abolished all over
Germany by 1850, did not return. The organisation of economic life continued in
a liberal mode, allowing rapid economic development in the 1850s. The
particular system of political repression associated with Metternich did not
return. The articulation of grievances, the opening of concerns with issues
transcending the immediate demands of the day, aided the formation of a range
of national groupings and political orientations, which were to develop into more
party-political forms in the next couple of decades. Many political actors of a
variety of persuasions (not least Bismarck) felt they had learnt certain lessons
from 1848. Rather than being a ‘turning-point where Germany failed to turn’,
1848 is perhaps better characterised as a crisis constellation, from which the
interacting elements emerged transformed, in new combinations facing the
future under changing conditions. If a historian is determined to locate the
failures of German liberalism, they are perhaps better sought in the divisions and
losses of nerve of the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries than in the
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