there were further disagreements and divisions, not only on particular issues of
the day but more generally on orientations to the political system as a whole.
Support for the liberal parties was largely stagnant (with fluctuations) in the late
nineteenth and early twentieth century. To an even greater extent the
conservatives found their support simply disappearing with shifts in the social
structure. In response, they became increasingly strident, right-wing, nationalist,
and anti-semitic in an attempt to win support away from small extremist parties,
of which there were quite a few particularly in the 1890s. In such a party-
political context, it proved extremely difficult to achieve viable governmental
coalitions or pursue consistent political policies.
In the Caprivi government of 1891–4, an attempt was made to steer a ‘new
course’, conciliating a range of interest groups from socialists, ethnic minorities
and Catholics through to industrialists. The anti-socialist laws were allowed to
lapse, and social welfare legislation was extended (including regulation of
working conditions and limitations on child labour and Sunday working). Courts
were established for the arbitration of industrial disputes, and a finance bill
proposed a progressive income tax. While this was all insufficient for socialists,
it angered right-wingers. A series of commercial treaties from 1891 to 1894 was
more beneficial from the point of view of some industrialists, who gained
valuable markets through the reduction of tariffs: however, this was in turn
disliked by conservatives representing the landowning, grain-producing
interests. They set up the Agrarian League (
Dostları ilə paylaş: