Staatsrat
or Council of State. Other constitutional changes were embodied in
the new constitutions of 1968 and 1974, which took account first of the changed
sociopolitical realities of life in the GDR, and secondly of its changed
international status after
Ostpolitik.
The 1968 constitution enshrined the ‘leading
role’ of the Marxist-Leninist Party, the SED, and hedged many ‘bourgeois’
freedoms from the original constitution with the serious, indeed fundamental,
limitation that all must proceed from the basic tenets of socialism – as defined by
the Party. The 1974 constitution sought to develop a ‘cultural demarcation’,
following the easing of physical relations between East and West Germany,
attempting to define a specifically ‘GDR’ national identity and to play down any
notions of ‘Germany’ and all-German links and affinities. It also stressed the
close relationship between the GDR and the Soviet Union.
It is frequently assumed that ‘party’ and ‘state’ were more or less identical in
communist states. While there were two organisational hierarchies, that of the
state was assumed to operate at the behest of the leading communist party. This
view however, while broadly true, is somewhat oversimplified. Both state and
party in the GDR were organised according to the principle of democratic
centralism. Ultimate power resided with the Politburo of the SED, and its
Secretariat; below this was the rather larger Central Committee; below this was
the Party Conference; and then the various lower levels of party organisation in
regions, districts and localities. At the bottom were the basic cells, usually
organised according to work-place, but also according to place of residence. The
SED was a ‘mass’ as well as a ‘cadre’ party: in addition to the trained and
committed party activists, there was a large number of passive members of the
party; in the GDR in the early 1980s, about one in five of the adult working
population was a member of the SED. While there were processes of
consultation and exchange of views, decisions were taken at the top and had to
be carried out at lower levels. In contrast to many other East European
communist parties (for example, Czechoslovakia in 1968), there was little by
way of visible factional splits in the SED, after the purges undertaken by
Ulbricht in the 1950s, until the revolution of 1989. The relatively monolithic
public face of the SED for the best part of the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s must be
seen as a major factor in the GDR’s relative political stability in this period.
There were, however, different degrees of conformist commitment and private
scepticism among lower ranks of the party. With an ageing leadership under
Honecker in the late 1980s, and with the succession question being complicated
by the reforming leadership of the USSR under Gorbachev, many party members
in the regions began at least privately to hope for a change in direction.
The East German state was also organised hierarchically, with the Council of
State being the ceremonial head, and the Council of Ministers having
governmental power. Among the most important Ministries were those dealing
with various aspects of the economy and with defence, and, of course, the
Ministry for State Security. The State Security police, or Stasi, grew
exponentially over the years, and played a major role in domestic surveillance
and attempted repression of opposition. The powers of the Council of State were
reduced in relation to the Council of Ministers when Ulbricht retained its
chairmanship after losing his position as First Secretary of the Party; but it
retained its importance as the formal representative of the GDR, and prominent
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