East Germany was able, for most of its history until the 1980s, to defuse
potentially destabilising political opposition and contain dissent. The June 1953
Uprising was, as indicated above (p. 214), lacking in leadership and overall
strategy, as well as external support, and started to collapse even before it was
suppressed by force. Individual dissenting Marxist intellectuals – Harich,
Havemann, Bahro – failed to gain mass popular followings. Most East Germans
appeared resigned to private grumbling rather than public dissent. The 1980s
however saw the rapid proliferation of grass-roots dissenting groups, primarily
in response to the stationing of nuclear missiles in East and West Europe, but
also going beyond specifically peace movement concerns to address issues of
human rights and environmental protection. Many of these dissenting voices
found space, both metaphorically and literally, for the discussion of unorthodox
views under the roof of the East German Protestant churches. The church was
the only social institution in East Germany that was not co-ordinated by, and
subordinate to, the communist party. After early persecution of Christianity in
the 1950s, and a rather uneasy coexistence of church and state in the 1960s and
early 1970s, by 1978 a modus vivendi was achieved in which the ‘church in
socialism’ was allotted certain privileges in a new, more harmonious relationship
with the state. For a while it appeared as if the church leadership would seek to
sustain its position by moderating and containing dissent within acceptable
limits, thus effectively playing the role of a safety valve in East German politics.
But by the late 1980s it became clear both that there were splits within the
church, between grassroots and leaders and among the leaders themselves, and
that the discussions of alternative views and the networks of dissenters had
proliferated to such an extent that they had outgrown the church’s capacity for
moderation. Undoubtedly many were also hopeful that the repercussions of
Soviet proclamations of
Dostları ilə paylaş: