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On his head a Saudi dons a ghutra (also called “shimagh”)
under which is a Kufiyyah and ‘iqal. The kufiyya may be
white or speckled with red pieces like a chess board. Most
Arabs prefer the white color but the elderly ones wear the
speckled kufiyyahs. The men who belong to the group that
enjoin good and prohibit evil wear similar head covers but
without iqals.
As to the history of the appearance of this sort of
apparel, it goes back, as we know, to the time when
many caravans roamed through the sands of the Arabian
Peninsula hundreds of years ago. They would keep going
for hours and then stop to give the tired camels time to
rest. They often spent the night in the middle of the desert.
Now in order to make sure that the camels did not go too
far looking for water and nutrition and lose their way, the
caravan men used to tie the knees of camels with the iqal,
which is the folded rope. On their long way, they used to
bend the rope and tie it round their heads over the gutrah
so that it would be handy when needed and they would not
waste time looking for it. Or may be it was used to protect
them against the hot sun or the cold winds.
The ghutrah is folded in the middle and is put on the
head and tied with the iqal, which looks on the forehead
like a protective cover. Saudis are very careful and serious
about their head cover and make a point of wearing the
ghutrah in the middle of the forehead. They are very fussy
about their head dresses, which should be carefully worn
and adjusted.
When not holding the steering wheel, the car phone
or their pens, the fingers of Saudis are kept busy with the
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rosary balls. The rosaries are innovations that are sold
practically everywhere and are made of various materials,
ranging from cheap plastics of good quality, to precious
stones, pearls, corals and rare types of perfumed wood.
In the gold market, one can buy rosaries made of silver or
even gold. Rosaries comprise 33 pieces divided into three
groups, each group comprising 11 pieces. They are not
used merely as pass time; their main purpose is to make
sure people say the right number of glorifications after the
five daily prayers without being distracted by counting
the number of phrases of praise and glorification of God
Almighty. I admired these cute rosaries ever since my first
visit to Egypt. Since then I have kept collecting all types
of rosaries and today my collections include three hundred
rosaries.
When Saudi women go out of their homes, they wear
black cloaks with or without sleeves. The important thing
is that they should cover the whole body from top to
bottom. Cloaks may also be made of another dark color but
those that are sold are only black. Underneath the cloaks,
however, women would be wearing beautiful and colorful
clothes. The majority of city women wear underneath the
cloaks the latest in European fashions. This is made easy
by the presence in cities of branches of the world’s most
famous houses of fashion.
During our stay in the country, many changes and
developments have occurred in the design of cloaks,
which have changed from being simple sack-like
apparel to beautifully designed pieces of clothes that are
embroidered and ornamented with silk strings and other
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items of embellishment. Our daughter, who is keen on
following the latest fashion, has bought one such cloak
and took it with her to Germany.
The hair of Saudi women is hidden under a sort of
handkerchief and the face under a black veil under which
a burqo’ is sometimes worn. It is a piece of cloth with two
holes through which the eyes can look. In certain places in
the Eastern Province, thick leather masks are in vogue and
are decorated with golden colors. These hide the forehead,
the nose and the lower part of the face and look as though
they were made of copper. In my view, they are far from
being comfortable in practice. Such masks are worn by
rural women in the two neighboring countries: Bahrain
and Qatar.
The veil (hijab) is ordained by God Almighty through
the Noble Prophet, Muhammad, peace be upon him. Thus
women were ordered to hide their hair and body from the
top of their heads to their feet, by wearing a comfortable
dress that gives them freedom of movement when
walking. Unusually beautiful women or those who use
items of embellishment are supposed to hide their faces
as well. Women should not display their charms to any
but their husbands, should abide quietly in their homes
and should not flaunt their charms as women used to do
in the old days of pagan ignorance. The cloak is adapted
in such a manner as to give freedom of movement to a
woman’s hand, so that it can lift her dress when mounting
or dismounting. In time, however, many advantages of
this apparel were discovered. Thus when intending to go
out to buy things from stores or to other places, women
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do not have to bother about what to wear underneath the
cloak. All they have to do is to wear the cloak and go out.
In the winter, they have no need of an overcoat, for the
cloak would do the job. As to the hidden face, this makes
sure women are not recognized and identified. Thus they
can see everybody without being seen or identified. In
fact, Saudi women consider the cloak and the niqab as
a protection against slander and persistent harassment by
men.
Girls begin wearing the cloak when they are 10 to
12 years old, the age of puberty. At first, I was under
the impression that they would like to postpone this as
much as possible, because the young ones are extremely
mobile and they hate everything that prevents them from
free movement. But I discovered that I was wrong. They,
on the contrary, dream of the time when they would
wear a cloak, just as our own girls are anxious to wear
certain underwear although such underwear would not be
comfortable, simply because they feel that they have come
of age. In public parks, one can see this typical tableau:
young girls skating and their cloaks fluttering in the air,
although they are still in the stage of childhood!
Most Saudi women use make up: black or red
henna (camphire) which even men use to embellish
their moustaches or beards. This henna is effective for
headaches. It is the product of an equatorial tree and its
leaves are found in abundance in the southern parts of the
Kingdom. Old women use it to dye their hair, feet and the
palms of their hands, while the young ones use it to dye
their nails and the palms of their hands as well. There are
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