THE MODERN PROBLEMS OF TURKOLOGY
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important role in the crush of the entire public
(and language) into the different kindred
people (and languages). And as a result, that
«entire» public (and language) becomes a
history leaving its lasting traces in different
kindred people (and languages).
The Turks have lived such a history like
the Romans, Germans, Slovaks and Iranians…
The Turks at least, are divided into 3
groups at the end of the 1st millennium and at
the beginning of the 2nd millennium:
1) the Oghuzes;
2) the Kipchaks;
3) the Karlugs or Karlug-Uyghurs.
Prof. N.A.Baskakov tells about some
intermediate events accepting the division of
the Turks into:
a) Oghuz;
b) Kipchak;
c) Karlug or Karlug-Uyghur.
It’s quite natural. Because there are such
Turkic peoples that remain beyond the same
division. And this arises/doubt in its rightness.
For example, the Chuvashes, Yakut-Saks and
some Siberian Turkic peoples remain beyond
from differentiation normative. Of course, this
arises/definite questions. But Turkology is
deprived of answering those questions decidedly.
The diagram of the geographical settlement
of Turkish differentiation «trio» from the East
(prahomeland) to the West is described as
follows:
Trio
the Kipchaks the Karlugs the Oghuzes
the Karlug-Uyghurs
That’s the Kipchaks and Oghuzes moved
towards mainly to the West (firstly, from the
North; secondly, from the South) whereas, the
Karlug or Karlug-Uyghurs remained in the
East. This encompassed not only the whole
ethnic manifestations but also the creative
majority of the ethnos. Here are some definite
objective laws.
Notwithstanding that, such differentiational
integrity of the Oghuz, Kipchak and Karlug
Turks continued till the end of the Middle Ages,
the differentiation of the Modern (independent)
Turkic peoples from those «integrities» wasn’t
schematic. We should take into consideration
that, there are such Turkic peoples which are
included into the Oghuz, Karlug or Kipchak
group. But despite this, it’s possible to come
across with the «mixtures» ones belonging to
other group or groups.
The influence of foreign factors on the
differentiation (redifferentiation) of the Turks
was so possible that, it’s possible to compare it
with inherent need… As already mentioned,
the inherent factor in the differentiation of the
ethnos is decisive… Other nations can’t create
any foreign factor from one nation without ethnic
differentiation. But it’s impossible to imagine the
process of the ethnos’s differentiation without
foreign factors. The foreign factors almost attract
attention with their definiteness whereas it’s
difficult to define the reason of the appearance of
the inherent factor in the differentiation of the
Turks. For example, the movement of the Turks
from the Central Asia towards the North-West
and the South-West, i.e. their settlement in
new geographies, social unities had exerted
influence on the realization of the inherent
(ethnic) differentiation need. If it’s possible to
NIZAMI JAFAROV
92
say it made «potention» to become «reality».
The Kipchaks settled down in the North-West
of the Central Asia, Volga region, the Eastern
Anatolia (including the Northern Caucasus);
the Oghuzes in the South-West of the Central
Asia, Front Asia (including Southern Caucasus),
the Asia Minor (Anatolia). As a result of this,
they were obliged to accept new ethnic
features. These are the main terms for the
differentiation of the ethnos. Of course, the
influence of such geographical movements,
displacements on the differentiation of the
Turkish ethnos and on the formation of the
different Turkic peoples isn’t only the
maintenance of the Turks (their geographical
movement activity). And this influence hadn’t
gone by the Turks living in the historical
homeland – i.e. in the Central Asia (in
Turkestan). It’s paradoxical that, the ethnic
differentiation of the Turks of the Central Asia
was active like the Turks leaving the historical
homeland.
It’s important to note that, the Turkic
movements from the Central Asia to the East,
North-East and the South-East was an
attractive (historical) process from the point of
the view of the ownership complicated natural
and geographical condition.
There are sufficient linguistic, including
lingvocultural indications in the division of the
Turks into the Oghuzes, Kipchaks, Karlugs or
Karlug-Ughurs. First of all it’s important to
note that, unlike the Kipchaks who were not
interested in writing, generally in written
culture, the Oghuzes were the carriers of it
(the written literary language). And as a result
of this, the Oghuz Turks adopted Islam had
created perfect works in the Arabic, Persian,
including Turkish after learning the Arabic
alphabet.
At the end of the Middle Ages and at the
beginning of the Modern Period the differren-
tiation process of the Turkic people began to
show its results. So that, the Uzbeks and
Kyrgyzes from the Karlug-Uyghur Turks; the
Tatars, Bashkirs, Kazaks and Kyrgyzes from
the Kipchak Turks; the Turkic Turks (the
Ottomans), Azerbaijani Turks and Turkmen
from the Oghuz Turks appeared on the
historical stage with necessary ethnographic,
political, cultural and other self-belongings.
It’s true that, these self-belongings don’t show
themselves clearly, steadily in the first stages…
Though the inner independence imaginations
were very powerful «environment» is inclined
to accept the Turks, at least in the whole
region (for example, in the Central Asia). And
this is accompanied by some debates about the
formation process of the Turkic people.
Comparisons, including the experience
of Roman Philology, Slavic Philology or
Iranian Philology show that, disputes and
complex problems aren’t connected only with
the Turks in the issue of the creation of
different (modern) people from one ethnos.
III. The modern turkic world:
Differentiation and integration
From political point of view the Modern
Turkic World is represented by independent,
semi-independent and non-independent twenty
five people:
I. The independent Turkic people:
1. The Turks (the Turkic Turks). 2. The
Azerbaijanis (The Azerbaijani Turks). 3. The
Uzbeks. 4. The Kazakhs. 5. The Turkmen. 6.
The Kyrgyzes.
II. The semi-independent Turkic people:
1. The Tatars. 2. The Bashkirs. 3. The
Chuvashes. 4. The Uyghurs. 5. The Yakuts
(the Sakhas). 6. The Altais.
III. The non-independent Turkic people:
1. The Gagauzes. 2. The Karaims. 3. The
Kumuks. 4. The Karachais. 5. The Balkans. 6.
The Nogais. 7. The Karakalpaks. 8. The
Tuvinians. 9. The Tofas. 10. The Khakases.
11. The Kamasins. 12. The Sors and others.
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