Hiroki Kikuchi, "Letting the Copy out of the Window: a history of Copying Texts in Japan", The East Asian Library Journal 4, no. (2010): 120-157
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152 hiroki kikuchi of the aristocracy. As compensation of the service, the regents allowed their subordinate families to access diary records that were in the possession of the regents. See Matsuzawa Yoshiyuki, “Kinsei no kerai ni tsuite” (On Subordinate Households in the Modern Pe- riod), Nihonshi kenkyū (Journal of Japanese History) 387 (1994), pp. 34–37. 21. Yanagiwara Motomitsu, Zokushi gushō, 3 vols. (Tokyo: Kokushi taikei kankōkai, 1930– 1931). 22. The Six National Histories, compiled from the eighth through the tenth centuries, present Japanese history chronologically from the mythical age to the late ninth century. Al- though the emperor’s order for the writing of the continuation of this work was aspi- rational, he did not have any concrete program for completion of the project attached to it. Sanjō Sanetomi, who was prime minister at that time, was designated “honorary” president of the Bureau of Historiography. Scholars made many attempts to gain a clear conceptualization of the project and the system by which they would carry out the re- search and writing. In 1891 the project, under the title Dai-Nihon hen’nenshi (Chronologi- cal History of Great Japan), was fully underway. However, in 1893 political treason forced the project members to cease their work, leaving the writing of this history uncompleted. Finally the writing was carried out as an academic project that resulted in the publication of Dai-Nihon shiryō (Chronological Source Books of Japanese History). 23. The Imperial University was the forerunner of the University of Tokyo. Through a few more organizational changes, the Historiographical Institute carried out the project. 24. Tokugawa Mitsukuni (1628–1700) established the historiographical institution called Shōkōkan, including a bunko, at Mito in order to continue work on the Dai-Nihon-shi, which was completed in 1906 in 397 volumes. 25. Tōkyō daigaku shiryō hensanjo, comp., Tōkyō daigaku shiryō hensanjoshi shiryōshū (His- torical Materials on the History of the Historiographical Institute, University of Tokyo) (Tokyo: Tōkyō daigaku shuppankai, 2001), p. 555. 26. For example, Meigetsu-ki by Fujiwara no Teika (1162–1241), which was kept between 1180–1235, was published by Kokusho kankōkai in Tokyo in 1911. Editors for the proj- ect were Sakamoto Hirotarō (1880–1946), Wada Hidematsu (1865–1937), and Yashiro Kuniji (1873–1924). At that time all of them were affiliated with the Historiographical Institute and engaged in writing Dai-Nihon shiryō, section 4, which covers the years from 1185–1221. It is clear that they published Meigetsu-ki in connection with their project at the Historiographical Institute. Gyokuyō by Kujō Kanezane (1149–1207), which was kept between 1164 and 1200, also was published by Kokusho kankōkai in 1906–1907. 27. Tōkyō daigaku shiryō hensanjoshi shiryōshū, pp. 741–743. 28. For example, Tanaka Yoshinari (1860–1919), who became a professor of medieval Japanese history, started his career as a copyist in 1874. Ibid., p. 363. 29. See “Shokuin-roku” (Record of Public Officials), sec. 2, ch. 3 in Tokyo daigaku shiryō hen-
30. Tōkyō daigaku shiryō hensanjoshi shiryōshū, p. 555. 31. For Asakawa’s biography, see Abe Yoshio, Saigo no “Nipponjn”: Asakawa Kan’ichi no shōgai (The Last “Japanese”: The Life of Asakawa Kan’ichi) (Tokyo: Iwanami shoten, 1983). On his activities with respect to collecting Japanese materials, see Kaneko Hideo, “Yale daigaku toshokan to Asakawa Kan’ichi” (Yale University Library and Asakawa Kan’ichi),” copying texts in japan 153 Chōsa kenkyū hōkoku, vol. 11 (Tokyo: Kokubungaku kenkyū shiryōkan bunken shiryōbu, 1990), pp. 35–40. 32. Most of the Asakawa collection at Yale University is now housed in the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library as rare books, while quite a few titles are still shelved in the Sterling Memorial Library. For the latest Asakawa Collection list at Yale University, see “Yale daigaku-zō Nihon monjo korekushon mokuroku” (Catalogue of the Collection of Japanese Documents at Yale University), Chōsa kenkyū hōkoku, vol. 11, pp. 41–93.
On the Asakawa Collection at the Library of Congress, see Beikoku gikai toshokan- zō Nihon kotenseki mokuroku kankōkai, ed., Beikoku gikai toshokan zō Nihon kotenseki mokuroku (Catalog of Japanese Rare Books in the Library of Congress) (Tokyo: Yagi shoten, 2003). 33. See Abe Yoshio, Saigo no “Nipponjin,” pp. 96–100, and Kaneko Hideo, Yale daigaku tosho-
34. I thank Professor Edward Kamens, Professor of Japanese Literature, Yale University; Pro- fessor Suzuki Takatsune, University of Niigata; and Ellen Hammond, Curator of the East Asian Library at Yale, for facilitating my research of the Asakawa collection at Yale Univer- sity. 35. One of copyists was Fujisono Ken’i (dates unknown), who was a copyist from 1875 to 1882. See “Shokuin-roku” in Tōkyō daigaku Shiryō hensanjoshi shiryōshū, pp. 364–370. 36. Abe Yoshio, Saigo no “Nipponjin,” p. 96. See also Asakawa’s letter no. 121 in Asakawa Kan’ichi shokan henshū iinkai, comp., Asakawa Kan’ichi shokanshū (Collected Letters Written by Kan’ichi Asakasa) (Tokyo: Waseda daigaku shuppanbu, 1990). 37. The copy is shelved in the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale Univer- sity, call number B1-1-1~10. 38. In this greatest of natural disasters in the history of modern Japan, most of the building on the main campus of Tokyo University collapsed. Miraculously the main building of the Historiographical Institute and a few small stacks buildings belonging to the Historio- graphical Institute stood firm. These buildings, designated as a National Important Cul- tural Properties, now stand preserved in a new location next to the Botanical Garden of the University of Tokyo in Koishikawa and serve as an annex to the university’s museum. 39. For the typeset edition, see Rokuon nichiroku, ed. Tsuji Zen’nosuke, et al., 6 vols. (Tokyo: Taiyōsha, 1934–1937). Tsuji was the director of the Historiographical Institute at that time. 40. The Historiograpical Institute hired an extra copyist named Honda Zenhei (dates un- known) to reproduce historical documents that Asakawa possessed. See “Shokuin-roku,” Tōkyō daigaku Shiryō hensanjoshi shiryōshū, under 1907, p. 381. The title of this document contained in the original is Osorenagara sumishōmon no koto (Deed of the Solution [Is- sued] Respectfully). This document is preserved as the eleventh group, which used to be preserved by the Lower [Old] Kyoto township. See Asao Naohiro, “Asakawa Kan’ichi to Shimogyō-monjo,” Nihonshi kenkyū, 241 (1982), pp. 86–92. This document, divided into fifteen sections, includes books, hand scrolls, and individual documents on paper and in- cludes records from 1636 to 1850. However, the majority of the materials in Kyōto komonjo were manufactured during the course of the case surrounding the inspection of ward leaders in 1818. Kyōto komonjo is preserved in Beinecke Library at Yale, under call number 2.17.1–15, per the listing in Chōsa kenkyū hōkoku, first cited in note 32 above. 154 hiroki kikuchi 41. The Historiographical Institute call number for Jōge kokyō sojō is 2071.62-51. 42. Kyōto komonjo, Beinecke Library, 2.17.1~7. 43. Asakawa monjo, Historiographical Institute call number, 3071.36-106. It is assumed that Asakawa Kan’ichi purchased this document though I have not been able to confirm the date of his acquisition. This document actually includes only one title, Shimogyō-chū deiri no chō. The original, which is now lost, was compiled on the eighteenth day of the sixth month in 1573 and copied by the Historical Institute in the sixth month of 1907. 44. Beinecke Library call number, D164. It may be that the original document also is in- cluded in Kyōto komonjo, but confirmation must wait an opportunity for me to continue my research in the Yale collection. 45. See “Shokuin-roku” between 1918 and 1921, Tōkyō daigaku Shiryō hensanjoshi shiryōshū, pp. 388–390. (Cited first in note 25 above.) For Asakawa’s second stay in Japan, see Abe Yoshio,
46. Ōi monjo is a group of fourteen titles written in the late sixteenth century that are as- sumed to have once been in the possession of the Ōi family in Kai province (now Yamanashi prefecture). The Historiographical Institute call number for this is 3071.36–101. The original is now lost, and no copy is included in the Asakawa collections, either at Yale or in the Library of Congress. 47. See the Yale website for a description of the size of the Asakawa Collection, www. eastasianstudies.research.yale.edu/asakawa.html. Other Japanese scholars are currently continuing to do research on topics related to the materials that Asakawa donated to Yale University and to the Library of Congress. The results of this work will be published at some date in the future. 48. Respectively, Beinecke Library call numbers, 2.1, 2.3 and 2.5; and Yale daigaku shozō monjo. Historiographical Institute call number, 6800-100. All three of these titles are compiled together in one copy book. Tōdai-ji monjo (Documents of Tōdai-ji Temple), formerly in the possession of the Tōdai-ji temple, includes several titles covering 1055–1372, which are bound together in a hand-scroll format. This title in the collection at Yale is mounted as a folding screen, “byōbu.” 49. In the first decade of the twentieth century the Rectigraph Company developed the first camera-based photocopying machine. The rectigraph used sensitized paper to produce white on black images of documents that could be rephotographed to produce black on white images. The Haloid Company, which acquired Rectigraph in the mid-1930s, con- tinued to produce its copiers until the early 1960s and eventually expanded its operations becoming the Xerox Corporation. Editorial thanks goes to Yasuko Makino, Japanese bib- liographer at Princeton University’s East Asian Collection for her assistance in identifying sources on rectigraph copying machines. 50. Kuroita Katsumi-shi shozō monjo in the collection of the Historiographical Institute, call number, 3071.36-139, was copied in 1927. The original is in the Beinecke Library at Yale. The Nanhō-in Temple, which was a part of the Tenryū-ji Temple in Kyoto, originally held this document, now bound as a hand scroll, comprising seven titles written between the late fourteenth century and the early fifteenth century. 51. For this opinion, see Abe Yoshio, Saigo no “Nipponjin,” p. 99. See also, Komine Kazuaki, “The Asakawa Purchase of Japanese Books at the Library of Congress,” paper presented in session 188 at the annual meeting of the Association for Asian Studies, New York, 2003.
copying texts in japan 155 Akamatsu Mitsuhiro 赤松満弘 Amida Nyorai 阿弥陀如来 Asakawa Kan’ichi 朝河貫一
朝河文書
Bunka daigaku shishi sōsho 文科大学史
誌叢書 bunko
文庫 byōbu
屏風 daimyō
大名 Dai-Nihon hen’nen-shi 大日本編年史
Dai-Nihon shiryō 大日本史料
Dai-Nihon-shi 大日本史
Dai-Nihon komonjo 大日本古文書
darani (dhāranī) 陀羅尼
Edo 江戸 eisha 影写 Emi no Oshikatsu 恵美押勝 Fujisono Ken’i 藤園賢意 Fujiwara no Teika 藤原定家 Fushimi
伏見 Genshin
源信 Gofukakusa 後深草 Gomizuno’o 後水尾 Gunsho ruijū 群書類従
Gyokuyō 玉葉 Hanawa Hoki’ichi 塙保己一 Heian
平安 Heike
平家 Heike nōkyō 平家納経
Hino 日野 Hino Sukenaru 日野資愛 Hiroshima 広島 Honda Zenhei 本田善平 Hōnenbō Genkū 法然房源空 Hōryū-ji 法隆寺 Hyakumantō darani 百万塔陀羅尼
ipponkyō kuyō 一品経供養
Ise 伊勢 issaikyō 一切経 Itsukushima 厳島 jihitsu-bon 自筆本 jikyōsha 持経者
上下古京訴状
Kaga 加賀 Kai 甲斐 Kajūji Tsuneitsu 歓修寺経逸 Kan’in
閑院 Kantō
関東 Keijo Shūrin 景徐周麟 kemari
蹴鞠 Kenchō-ji 建長寺 kerai
家礼 Keshindo-kan kōjo 化身土巻後序 Kikuchi, Hiroki 菊地大樹 Kimiosa
公修 Kinnori
公則 Kinri Bunko 禁裏文庫 Koishikawa 小石川 Kōfukuji kaisho-mokudai saisai hikitsuke 興福寺会所目代済済引付 kokiroku 古記録
Kokubungaku kenkyū shiryōkan 国文学研資料館
komonjo 古文書
Glossary 156 hiroki kikuchi komonjo-gaku 古文書学 Kōmyō
光明 Konoe
近衛 Kujō Kanezane 九条兼実 Kuroita Katsumi 黒板勝美 Kuroita Katsumi-shi shozō monjo 黒板勝美氏所蔵文書 Kuze Michiaya 久世通理
Kyōgyōshinsō 教行信証
Kyōto komonjo 京都古文書
Maeda Tsunanori 前田綱紀
Matsuzawa Yoshiyuki 松澤克行
Matsuzono Hitoshi 松薗斉
Meigetsu-ki 明月記
Meiji 明治 Meiji Tennō 明治天皇 Mikami Sanji 三上参次 Mito
水戸 Miura Hiroyuki 三浦周行 Motomitsu 紀光 Muromachi 室町 Myōren-ji 妙蓮寺 Nanhō-in 南芳院
南芳院文書
Nishi-kamogō kenchi-chō 西賀茂郷検地帳
Ōei 応永 Ōgimachi-Sanjō 正親町三条 Ōgimachi-Sanjō Kin’nori 正親町三条公則 Ōi
大井 Ōi monjo 大井文書
Ōjōyōshū 往生要集
Osorenagara sumishōmon no koto 乍恐済証文之事
Ōta Tōshirō 太田藤四郎
rekuchi gurafu レクチグラフ
Rikkokushi 六国史
Rokuon-in 鹿苑院
Rokuon nichiroku 鹿苑日録
Rozan-ji 廬山寺
Ryūkoku daigaku 龍谷大学
Sakamoto Hirotarō 坂本広太郎
Saneimikyō chūnagon haiga ki 実躬卿中納言拝賀記 Sanemikyō-ki 実躬卿記
Sanetsumu 実万 Sanjō Sanemi 三条実躬 Sanjō Sanetomi 三条実美 Sanjōnishi Bunko 三条西文庫 Sanjōnishi Kinfuku 三条西公福 Sanjōnishi Sanetaka 三条西実隆 sekke
摂家 Senchaku hongan nenbutsushū 選擇本願念佛集
shakyōjo 写経所
Shimogyō-chū deiri no chō 下京中出入之帳
Shinran 親鸞 shiryō hensan jigyō 史料編纂事業 Shiryō hensanjo 史料編纂所 shiryō-gaku 史料学 Shōan sannen daijōe ki 正安三年大嘗会記 Shōkōkan 彰考館 Shokuin-roku 職員録 shoshi-gaku 書誌学 shōsoku-gyō 消息経 Shōtoku
称徳 copying texts in japan 157 Sōgai ni idasu bekarazu 窓外に出だすべからず Taira
平 Takatsukasa 鷹司 Takatsukasa Bunko 鷹司文庫 Takatsukasa Masahiro 鷹司政煕 Takeda
武田 Tanaka Yoshinari 田中義成 Tebori-Sanjō 転法輪三条 Tebori-Sanjō Saneoki 転法輪三条実起 Tenryū-ji 天龍寺 Tōdai-ji 東大寺
東大寺文書
Tokugawa 徳川 Tokugawa Mitsukuni 徳川光圀 tōsha
謄写 Tsuji Zen’nosuke 辻善之助 Wada Hidematsu 和田英松 Yamanashi 山梨 Yanagiwara 柳原 Yanagiwara Motomitsu 柳原紀光 Yanagiwara Naomitsu 柳原均光 Yashiro Kuniji 八代国治 Zen
禅 Zoku gunsho ruijū 続群書類従
Zokushigushō 続史愚抄
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