Karl Bücher
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- From the Standpoint of Production From Bucher’s Standpoint From
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15 quently for the market economy which freed Man from toiling the ground. This development would not have been possible if money had not been available as a way to store value (ein auf- bewahrungfähiges Gut) and as a common denominator of value. To Hildebrand, the modes of exchange (die Umsatzformen) are the fundamental powers which enables economy, society and culture to change. The money economy allowed for improvements, but in the long run the advan- tages of the money economy developed into disadvantages. The worker, freed from the land, be- came vulnerable in the ensuing competition in an atomistic society in which the ties of family and kinship that kept people together tended to break up. To Hildebrand the credit economy would solve this problem by re-establishing trust and human interaction in qualitatively better relationships in the processes of exchange and investment.
US economist Richard Ely – a student of Karl Knies in Heidelberg – has a good survey of stage theories in his 1903 book Studies in the Evolution of Industrial Society. 47 Ely (1854-1943) was one of several German-educated Christian US Economists who were very influen-
the United States up until, and including, The New Deal. According to The International Ency- clopaedia of Social Sciences, Richard Ely ‘probably exerted a greater influence upon American economics during its vital formative period than any other individual.’ The fact that he is nor- mally labelled a Christian socialist shows how the mental forces that built US society were very far away from what today is standard Anglo-Saxon economics. Rather than dividing economics in macro and micro, Ely seems to have income creation and income distribution as the two im- portant facets of economics.
THE ECONOMIC STAGES Standpoint__of_Production__From__Bucher’s__Standpoint__From'>From the Standpoint of Production From Bucher’s Standpoint From Hildebrand’s Standpoint From the Labor Standpoint From Giddings’s Standpoint 1
Luck
2. Pastoral
Slaughter of Enemies, Woman’s Labor, and Beginning of Slavery
Sacrificial 3. Agricultural Independent Domestic Economy
Truck Economy
Slavery and Serfdom Slave Labor
4. Handicraft Town
Economy Money
Economy Free Labor governed by Cus- tom Trade
5. Industrial (1) Universal Competi- tion as an ideal (2) Concentration (3) Integration National Economy
(World Economy)
Credit Economy
Individual Contract with In- creasing Regulation by Statute
Group Contract and Regulation by Statute
Capitalistic Source: Ely 1903
47 New York, Chautauqua Press, 1903. 16 Ely’s own stages are similar to those of List: 1: The hunting and fishing stage, 2. The pastoral stage, 3. The agricultural stage, 4. The handicraft stage, and 5. The industrial stage. More inter- estingly, however, Ely provides a comparative chart of five different types of stage theories, all displaying different aspects of the societal development of
view of production (his own stage theory), from Bücher’s standpoint, from Hildebrand’s stand- point, from labour’s standpoint, and from Gidding’s standpoint. Gidding’s main stages are Ceremonial and Business economics. These both have three sub-stages: Luck, magic and sacri- ficial economies, and slave, trade and capitalistic economies. These different types of stages, would, of course, often not overlap in time. In this framework – reproduced on the next page – Carlota Perez’ techno-economic paradigms fit like a natural sixth type of stage theory, based on the fundamental technologies carrying each period. Taken in conjunction, these stage theories emphasise different aspects, each of them representing a necessary but not sufficient condition for the progress of mankind.
In the third volume, tome one, of his System der Soziologie from 1923, Franz Oppenheimer 48 has an excellent and systematic discussion of stage theories from several angles. Oppenheimer starts by discussing two factors which contribute to the stages: Die Differentierung (i.e. the division of labour), Die Integrierung (i.e. the integration), which he both divides into their political and trade aspects. Oppenheimer introduces a special chapter on what he calls Transportwiderstand – i.e. the resistance to integration that is formed by geographical distance and consequent coasts in terms of time and transportation cost. His Transportwiderstand lends itself perfectly as a concept through which the role of infrastructure may be introduced into the discussion of techno- economic stages. Oppenheimer thoroughly discusses the combined effects of his two main factors (division of labour and integration) on the evolution of the following types of stages of societies: 1. The Stages of Division of Labour, 2. The Stages of Integration (essentially Bücher’s), 3. The Phases of Evolution (scale of operation seen from the business point of view; i.e. handicraft, manufac- turing, factories
monetary sophistication, i.e. Hildebrand’s stages). One interesting aspect of previous stage theo- ries in the light of the present transition into a new techno-economic paradigm is that the ‘natu- ral’ tendency towards an ever-increasing scale of operation seems to have ceased with the Ford- ist mass-production paradigm.
4.5 Rostow’s Non-communist Manifesto (1960) One of the latest stage theories to gain prominence was the five-stage theory of development presented by W. W. Rostow his book The Stages of Economic Growth
48 Oppenheimer, op. cit., pp. 254-309. 49 Rostow, W. W., The Stages of Economic Growth, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1960. Yüklə 285,49 Kb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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