saqarTvelos sapensio politika
da alternatiuli modelebi
303
asakis mixedviT pensia sami komponentisgan Sedgeba:
1.
sabazo komponenti: Tanxa, romelic Seadgens 126,8 evros.
2.
meore komponentidan gacemuli pensiis raodenoba damo-
kidebulia samuSao staJze. TiToeuli namsaxurebi wlis Rirebu-
lebaa 4,7 evro.
3.
sadazRvevo komponenti: daricxuli Tanxa damokidebu-
lia imaze, Tu ra raodenobis socialuri gadasaxadi iqna gadax-
dili pensioneris xelfasidan misi muSaobis manZilze.
sadazRvevo komponentis mniSvneloba yovelwliurad iz-
rdeba, rac imas niSnavs, rom asakis gamo saxelmwifo pensia sul
ufro metad damokidebuli xdeba dasaqmebulis saxeliT misi ka-
rieris manZilze gadaxdili socialuri gadasaxadis raodenoba-
ze.
2
zemoT xsenebul sistemaSi monawileobis ufleba aqvs pirs,
romelsac estoneTSi muSaobis, sul cota, 15-wliani staJi aqvs.
meore saxis saxelmwifo pensias warmoadgens erovnuli pen-
sia, romelic gaicema pirovnebaze, visac ara aqvs ufleba monawi-
leoba miiRos pirveli saxis sapensio sqemaSi da vinc, sul cota,
5 weli cxovrobda estoneTSi pensiaze gasvlamde. erovnuli pen-
sia Seadgens 140.8 evros.
pensiebis indeqsacia estoneTSi warmoebs 2002 wlidan, rom-
lis mixedviTac pensiebis raodenoba damokidebulia samomxma-
reblo kalaTis fasebis cvlilebasa da yovelwliurad miRebu-
li socialuri gadasaxadebis moculobis zrdaze.
II safexurs warmoadgens savaldebulo dagrovebiTi sapen-
sio sqema. is Seiqmna 2002 wels da pensionerisTvis warmoadgens
damatebiTi Semosavlis mTavar wyaros.
aRniSnuli sqema finansdeba dasaqmebulis xelfasidan, ro-
melic ixdis xelfasis 2%-s kerZo aqtivebis mmarTveli kompanie-
bis mier Seqmnil sapensio fondebSi. am Tanxas saxelmwifo kidev
umatebs 4%-s damsaqmeblis mier gadaxdili socialuri gadasa-
xadidan, Tavis mxriv, saxelmwifo kidev itovebs 29%-s (13% jan-
dacvis dazRvevaze da 16% dRevandeli pensionerebis saxelmwi-
fo uzrunvelyofaze). amrigad, fondSi gadairicxeba dasaqmebu-
2
pensionikeskus, http://www. pensionikeskus.ee/?id=1781
jaba urotaZe
304
lis xelfasis 6%-is moculobis Tanxa. dasaqmebuli agrovebs
Tanxebs sakuTari siberis uzrunvelsayofad.
meore safexuris farglebSi pensiis moculoba damokidebu-
lia samuSao karieris manZilze fondSi gaxsnil kerZo sapensio
angariSze dagrovebuli Tanxebis raodenobasa da fondebis sain-
vesticio mogebaze. aRniSnuli Tanxebis gacema moxdeba yovel-
Tviurad, sapensio asakis miRwevis Semdeg.
savaldebulo dagrovebiT sapensio sqemaSi monawileobis
valdebuleba aqvT mxolod im pirebs, romlebsac sakmarisi dro
eqnebaT Rirseuli arsebobisaTvis aucilebeli Tanxebis dasag-
roveblad sakuTar sapensio angariSebze (dabadebulebi 1983
wels da mere) da nebayoflobiTia 1942-82 wlebSi dabadebul-
TaTvis.
III safexurs warmoadgens nebayoflobiTi damatebiTi dagro-
vebiTi sqema. is efuZneba calkeuli pirebis nebayoflobiT sa-
pensio Senatanebs da miznad isaxavs piris pensiaze gasvlamde ar-
sebuli cxovrebis standartis SenarCunebas.
`estoneTma SeZlo mzardi sapensio fondebis bazris Seqmna
mcire moculobis ekonomikis pirobebSi. momavalSi mosalodne-
lia, rom sapensio fondebma Seadginon erT-erTi yvelaze swra-
fad mzardi segmenti safinanso seqtorSi... kerZo sapensio aqti-
vebis swrafma zrdam Seqmna safuZveli konkurentuli aqtivebis
marTvis seqtoris CamoyalibebisTvis~.
3
poloneTis sapensio sistema
poloneTis sapensio sistema 1998-99 wlebis reformis Sem-
deg umeteswilad efuZneba pirvel da meore safexurs.
pirveli safexuri warmoadgens saxelmwifo pensias, rome-
lic gadanawilebiT sistemas emyareba. pensiis odenoba socia-
luri Senatanebis moculobazea damokidebuli. aRniSnuli Sena-
tanebi Seadgens xelfasis 19,52%-s, romelsac Tanabrad ixdis
damsaqmebeli da dasaqmebuli (9,76% TiToeuli), saxelmwifo
19,52%-dan 2,3%-s mimarTavs kerZo sapensio fondebSi (meore sa-
3
Estonia, review of the private pensions system, OECD, 2011 http://www.oecd.org/fi-
nance/private-pensions/49498084.pdf p.19
saqarTvelos sapensio politika
da alternatiuli modelebi
305
fexurSi). dadgenilia maqsimaluri Senatanebis odenoba, rome-
lic Seadgens qveyanaSi saSualo xelfasis 2,5-jer met Tanxas.
4
xdeba pensiis indeqsacia samomxmareblo fasebis zrdis mixed-
viT.
minimaluri saxelmwifo pensiis miRebis ufleba aqvT mamaka-
cebs da qalebs, romlebic, Sesabamisad, 25 da 20 wlis ganmavlo-
baSi axorcielebdnen socialur Senatanebs.
meore safexuri Sedgeba rogorc savaldebulo, aseve neba-
yoflobiTi dagrovebiTi sapensio sqemebisgan, romlebic pensi-
onerisTvis warmoadgens damatebiTi Semosavlis wyaros. saval-
debulo dagrovebiTi sapensio sqemis farglebSi saxelmwifo
ricxavs socialuri Senatanebis (19,52%) 2,3%-s kerZo sapensio
fondebSi gaxsnil individualur angariSebze. pensiis raodeno-
ba damokidebulia am angariSebze dagrovebuli Tanxebis mocu-
lobaze da maTi investirebis Sedegad miRebul dividendebze.
fondebis saqmianoba regulirdeba saxelmwifos mier, romelsac
dawesebuli aqvs evropuli qveynebis umetesobasTan SedarebiT
mkacri sainvesticio limitebi. magaliTad, ar SeiZleba saerTo
aqtivebis 5%-ze metis investireba sazRvargareT.
aseve SesaZlebelia nebayoflobiTi profesiuli (occupational)
dagrovebiT sapensio sqemaSi CarTva. es sqemac kerZo fondebis
mier imarTeba, romlebSic Tanxebi SeaqvT damsaqmebels da da-
saqmebuls.
mesame safexuri — nebayoflobiTi individualuri dagrove-
biTi sapensio sqema sustadaa ganviTarebuli da aerTianebs da-
saqmebulTa mxolod 5%-s.
OECD-is (ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da TanamSromlobis
organizacia) mixedviT, poloneTSi Canacvlebis koeficienti
(pensiis odenobis Sedareba, piris mier namsaxurebi wlebis gan-
mavlobaSi gamomuSavebul saSualo xelfasTan) Seadgens saSua-
4
Pension systems in the EU – contingent liabilities and assets in the public and private
sector, IZA research report, 2011, http://www.iza.org/en/webcontent/publications/reports/re-
port_pdfs/iza_report_42.pdf, p.126
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