129
the past form sprach is limited to the indicative of the past on account of the
existence of the more highly specialised past subjunctive form sprach. The
patterning of syncretisms between primary forms turns out to be due to the
functional values of ablaut, o-ablaut forms are general past forms while
a-ablaut forms are finite past forms. If a stem does not have a separate finite
past form (as is the case with
FECHTL),
then the general past form takes over; if
a stem does not have a general past form (as with
MESSL),
then the base substi-
tutes for it.
3.3 Form-function-relation
Inspection of the three example stems
FECHTL, SPRECH1
and
MESSL
has re-
vealed that a-ablaut (a variety of full ablaut) serves as a marker of finite past
tense, whereas o-ablaut (a variety of simple ablaut) serves as a general (unspe-
cific) marker of past tense. These observations may be generalised. It holds
not only of these three stems, but also in general; simple ablaut serves as a
general past marker; full ablaut serves as a specific finite past marker.
I provide another synopsis of ablaut patterns (Table 5, next page), which
is designed to demonstrate these findings. Roman numbers in the first column
refer to ablaut classes, i.e., classes of stem lexemes
(CLASS I
etc.; they will be
defined in Section 4.1). The adjacent column lists example stems (as before,
stem forms that occur in infinitives are used as citation forms). The next three
columns from left to right list the vowels found in ‘(primary) present stems’,
‘participle stems’ and ‘(primary) past stems’, respectively. If no vowel is
given, the one found in the left neighbouring column substitutes for it. For
instance, in the case of stems of
c l a s s
i
(listed at the top), it is the vowels
given for the ‘participle stem’ that appear in the ‘past stem’ (thus in the past
indicative); with stems of
CLASS VI
(listed at the bottom), it is the vowels noted
under ‘present stem’ that appear in past participles. The presentation should be
self-explanatory. Indeed, it is basically the same as in Table 4. Shaded boxes
indicate ranges of application of ablaut forms.
Instances of /-monophthongisation are given at the top. The first example
stem
(REITl )
is one that undergoes a change of quantity type, namely
long—»short-alternation. The minus sign put into the ‘participle stem’-column
is to draw attention to this fact. There are three more gradations that involve
long—»short-alternation between base and ablaut form, and they are marked in
the same way. Similarly, plus signs indicate short—»long-alternation between
base and ablaut form.
130
functional type:
l
III
IV
v
REIT
BLEIB
SCHIND
GLIMM
FECHT
ERLOSCH
SAUF
FLIESS
BIEG
LÜG
HEB
GÄR
SCHWÖR
SAUG
BIND
SPINN
BERG
SPRECH
NEHM
STEHL
GEBÄR
MESS
GEB
SITZ
BITT
LIEG
KOMM
RUF
STOSS
LAUF
VII
VI
HÄNG
FANG
FALL
BLAS
HEISS
SCHAFF
FAHR
functional value:
Table 5. Synopsis of ablaut patterns in Contemporary Standard German
131
Below that, stems are listed that exhibit only o-ablaut followed by stems
that show o-ablaut and o-ablaut. Underneath come gradations that involve
only o-ablaut, /-ablaut or o-ablaut. The general arrangement accords with the
traditional order of ablaut classes of strong verbs, but VII has been placed
between V and VI. Names of the pertinent expression types of ablaut forms
have been put into the boxes, thus 1-form, U-form, A-form; the same proce-
dure applies to the domain of base forms (unshaded area). The arrows are
drawn in in order to illustrate clearly the six types of change of quality type
there are.
If a base does not belong to the class indicated, the vowel sign is put be-
tween parentheses. This concerns only a few diphthongal bases. As stems with
diphthongal bases ordinarily do not undergo a change of quality type, these
bases belong to the same quality types as do their ablaut forms.
Three stems of
CLASS V
and one of
CLASS VII
have an alternation form in
the whole of the present tense that is not due to ablaut. This is indicated by the
dotted boxes. In these cases it is the forms occurring in the ‘participle stems’
that figure as bases for ablaut. (Cf. supra, Section 2.7, on ‘special present
tense formations’.) In other cases, vowels of ‘secondary stems’ are not listed.
An uncomplicated picture emerges:
— Simple ablaut serves to mark general past forms. Bases are I-forms;
stems undergo monophthongisation if diphthongal (ablaut forms are
/-forms) or o-ablaut if monophthongal (ablaut forms are o-forms or, in the
case of NC-stems, «-forms). Ablaut forms are short if possible.
— Full ablaut serves to mark finite past forms. There is a change of quality
type; ablaut forms are o-forms, /-forms or «-forms, and they are long if
possible.
In addition, there are two or three stems that have diphthongal U-bases and
show o-ablaut, and one stem with a diphthongal I-base that shows /-ablaut.
In the light of these results, it should be obvious that any approach that
derives ‘past participle stems’ from ‘primary past stems’ must do violence to
the structure of the German ablaut system. The usual order of listing forms of
strong verbs must not be misconstrued as a derivational scheme. An attempt to
treat ablaut in German as a two-step derivational process (present => past =>
past participle) as proposed in Segeral & Scheer (1998) is bound to fail. By
their approach, Segeral and Scheer are lead to assume that verbs like
BIEGENW
(biegen-bog-gebogen) have distinct underlying stem forms for past participles
and finite past forms. But, as a matter of fact, stems of the first and second
class conform to the normal pattern that is also found with the weak verbs:
they employ one and the same stem form for all (non-subjunctive) past forms.