82
For a variation on this as ‘prospective’ and ‘retrospective’ oversight see
Robert Schwartz,
‘Oversight/Regulatory Ethics in Theory and Practice’, paper presented at conference on
Ethics and Integrity of
Governance: A Transatlantic Dialogue, Leuven, June 2005.
83
J. Miller, ‘Civilian Oversight of Policing. Lessons from the Literature’, available at
www.vera.org/download?file=93/ civilian%2Boversight.pdf: 5.
84
Sanja Kutnjak Ivkovic,
Fallen Blue Knights: Controlling Police Corruption (New York: Oxford University Press,
2005): 100–101.
85
Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, ‘Police Accountability: Too Important to Neglect, Too Urgent to
Delay’ (New Delhi: CHRI, 2005), available at
www.humanrightsinitiative.org/publications/chogm/chogm_2005/chogm_2005_full_report.pdf: 40.
86
Second Chamber of the States-General, ‘Corruption Prevention’, 2005–2006, nr. 30374, The Hague, 2005 (in
Dutch).
87
In some countries specialised police services report to
other ministries, e.g. military police to the ministry of
defence and the customs police to the ministry of finance.
88
See www.hmic.gov.uk/Pages/home.aspx.
89
See www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_l_interieur/la_police_nationale/organisation/igpn/igpn.
90
See www.igai.pt.
91
See www.om.nl/organisatie/rijksrecherche/.
92
‘Bribes Paid to Join Kenya Police’,
BBC News,
16 December 2005, available at
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4534150.stm
93
Otwin Marenin, ‘The Futures of Policing African States’,
Police Practice and Research 10, no. 4 (2009): 349–363.
94
Annike Osse,
Understanding Policing: A Resource for Human Rights Activists (Amsterdam: Amnesty, 2006).
95
Ipperwash Inquiry,
Executive Summary, Vol. 2 (Forest, ON: Government of Ontario, 2007): 92.
96
Ipperwash Inquiry,
Report of the Ipperwash Inquiry – Volume 2,
Police/Government Relations (Forest, ON:
Government of Ontario, 2007): 304.
97
Ipperwash Inquiry, note 19 above: 308.
98
Rick Stapenhurst, Niall Johnston and Riccardo Pelizzio (eds.),
Role of Parliament in Curbing Corruption
(Washington, DC: World Bank Institute, 2006): 1–10.
99
Jeremy Pope, ‘Parliament and Anti-corruption Legislation’, in Rick Stapenhurst, Niall Johnston and Riccardo
Pelizzio (eds.),
Role of Parliament in Curbing Corruption (Washington, DC: World Bank Institute, 2006)
100
Born, Fluri and Johnson (eds.),
Parliamentary Oversight of the Security Sector: Principles, Mechanisms and Practices
(Geneva: IPU/DCAF, 2003): 76.
101
Stapenhurst, Johnston and Pelizzio, note 21 above.
102
Human Rights Watch,
‘Everyone’s in on the Game’: Corruption and Human Rights Abuses by the Nigeria Police Force
(New York: Human Rights Watch, 2010): 67–86.
103
Human Rights Watch, note 25 above: 82 on funding of the Nigerian police.
104
Parliamentary Joint Committee on the Australian Commission for Law Enforcement Integrity, ‘Inquiry into
Law Enforcement Integrity Models’ (Canberra: Parliament of the
Commonwealth of Australia, 2009).
105
Adam Shinar, ‘Accountability for the Indian Police: Creating an External Complaints Agency’,
Human Rights
Law Network, August (2009): 21.
106
Global Organization of Parliamentarians Against Corruption, ‘Controlling Corruption: A Parliamentarian’s
Handbook’, available at www.gopacnetwork.org/Docs/CCH%20FINAL%20Aug%2005%20ENG.pdf: 32.
107
Racheld Neild,
Themes and Debates in Public Security Reform: A Manual for Civil Society: External Controls (Wa
shington, DC: Washington Office on Latin America, 2000).
108
City of Canton, Ohio v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378: Volume 489.
109
Neild, note 30 above.
110
J. Schultz, ‘The UNCAC and Judicial Corruption: Requirements and Avenues for Reform’, U4 Brief No. 18,
September 2009, available at www.cmi.no/publications/file/3457-the-uncac-and-judicial-corruption.pdf.
111
Kutnjak Ivkovic, note 7 above: 56.
112
John D. Neily, ‘Professional Standards Special Task Force “Investigation Overview”’, 2001, available at
www.cbc.ca/news/pdf/NeilyReport2.pdf.
113
Neily, note 35 above.
373
114
Heidemarie Paulitsch, ‘Austria’, in
The International Comparative Legal Guide to Business Crime 2011, Global Legal
Group (2011), available at www.iclg.co.uk/khadmin/Publications/pdf/3943.pdf.
115
Royal Commission on Police Powers, UK (London: H.M.
Stationary Office, 1929).
116
UN General
Assembly, note 4 above: 10, Article 6.
117
OECD, ‘Specialised Anti-Corruption Institutions. Review of Models’, available at
www.oecd.org/dataoecd/7/4/39971975.pdf: 21.
118
Jon S. T. Quah, ‘Defying Institutional Failure: Learning from the Experiences of Anti-corruption Agencies in
Four Asian Countries’,
Crime Law and Social Change 53 (2010): 25.
119
Quah, note 41 above.
120
Quah, note 41 above: 30–33.
121
See ICAC website, www.icac.org.hk/en/about_icac/os/index.html.
122
OECD, note 40 above: 22.
123
Australian Government, ‘Who We Are. Integrity in Law Enforcement’, available at
www.aclei.gov.au/www/aclei/rwpattach.nsf/VAP/%28C7C220BBE2D77410637AB17935C2BD2E%29~ACLE
I_WhoWeAre-June2009.pdf/$file/ACLEI_WhoWeAre-June2009.pdf.
124
Law Enforcement Integrity Act 2006, part 13.
125
Australian Government, ‘Information about the Australian Commission for Law Enforcement Integrity’,
available at www.isrcl.org/Papers/2007/Bugg.pdf; ACLEI, ‘ACLEI Budget Statements 2010–11’, available at
www.aclei.gov.au/www/aclei/aclei.nsf/Page/Accountability_and_Reporting.
126
William Macpherson,
The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry (London: The Stationary Office, 1999).
127
Loi organique du contrôle, Arts 9, 12.
128
Comité permanent de côntrole des services de police, ‘Observatoire de la function de police’ (2007); Loi
organique du contrôle.
129
L. De Sousa, ‘Anti-corruption Agencies: Between Empowerment and Irrelevance’,
Crime Law and Social Change
53, no. 1 (2010): 5.
130
UN Human Rights Council, ‘Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary
or Arbitrary
Executions, Philip Alston. Addendum. Study on Police Oversight Mechanisms’, 28 May 2010, available at
www2.ohchr.org/English/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/14session/A.HRC.14.24.Add8.pdf.
131
UN Human Rights Council, note 53 above: 23–24.
132
UN Human Rights Council, note 53 above: 14.
133
Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, note 8 above: 64–65.
134
UN Human Rights Council, note 53 above: 24–25.
135
UN Human Rights Council, note 53 above: 24–25.
136
For a survey of methodological issues in assessing the extent of corruption and an attempt at measuring it see
Sanja Kutnjak Ivkovic, ‘To Serve and Collect: Measuring Police Corruption’,
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology
93, no. 2/3 (2003).
137
R. Stapenhurst, ‘The Media’s Role in Curbing Corruption’, World Bank Institute (2000), available at
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWBIGOVANTCOR/Resources/media.pdf: 2.
138
V. Bhargava and E. Bolongaita,
Challenging Corruption in Asia: Case Studies and a Framework for Action
(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2004): 42.
139
Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, note 8 above: 71–72.
140
For example, Anneke Osse, ‘Handbook on Police Accountability, Integrity and Oversight’, UNODC draft
forthcoming 2011; Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe,
Guidebook on Democratic Policing (Vienna:
OSCE, 2008).
141
Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, note 8 above: 72.
142
OECD, ‘NGO Anti-Corruption Initiatives’, available at
www.oecd.org/document/36/0,3343,en_2649_34857_2751268_1_1_1_1,00.html.
143
B. Peters, ‘The Media’s Role: Covering or Covering up Corruption?’, Global Corruption Report 2003,
available at http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN008437.pdf: 4.
144
Selwyn Raab, ‘New York’s Police
Allow Corruption, Mollen Panel Says’,
New York Times, 29 December 1993,
available at www.nytimes.com/1993/12/29/nyregion/new-york-s-police-allow-corruption-mollen-panel-
says.html
374