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he has allowed Akrūra to see his divine form, he withdraws it, ‘as an actor [con-
cludes] his performance…. What Kṛṣṇa is performing is an ‘imitation of human life’.
As Matchett indicates, Bhāgavata-Purāṇa 1:15.35 describes Kṛṣṇa being ‘like an ac-
tor on the stage’
23
, and Sathya Sai Baba echoes something of this sentiment—
albeit in his “global avatar” context—portraying himself as an ‘actor on the world
stage’ who is ‘biding for the proper time to play his full role’
24
. He also draws out
the theological significance of such metaphors: ‘Really speaking, this Avathaar is
itself acting a part. It is ‘putting on’ a function and ‘assuming’ a role, by the Func-
tion-less and the Role-less’
25
.
All of this raises questions as to how “real” the “role” “put on” by the avatar is
understood to be—and despite the “reality” implied by early uses of the term
māyā (as just noted), in later traditions (as we also have seen) it very much does
come to have the sense of “illusion”. Bhāgavata-Purāṇa 10:14.16 even explicitly
says of Kṛṣṇa: ‘It is here only in this your incarnation (as Kṛṣṇa) that you have
clearly demonstrated the illusory nature [māyātvam] of this entire external uni-
verse …Oh dispeller of Māyā’
26
, and this bodes poorly for Parrinder’s ninth avatar
characteristic: ‘The Avatar shows some reality in the world’. More to this effect,
Sathya Sai Baba likens the world to a dream, and finds it necessary to “explain”,
via a modern analogy, the reason for his acting human in an unreal world:
If the dream is realised as such, then the world is done away with. Swami helps
those caught in the dream…. A big scientist may know that a child’s world is a
dream and has no reality which is lasting. But this does not prevent him from sitting
down with the child at the child’s level [MBI 221].
Moreover, he indicates that, for him (for theological reasons) the “mingling” of
human and divine in his avatar is ultimately unreal:
Some ignorant people commenting on Me say that I have a double personality,
Daivathwam or Divinity most of the time but Manushyathwam or Humanity the rest
of the time. But, have faith in this, I am ever and always, of the ‘thwam’ of the ‘ity’
only. God does not change or get transformed.
27
In this understanding, the avatar is not really an avatar at all—this flies in the face
of the “paradoxical” Bhagavad-Gītā verse that I discussed in Chapter 3 (pp.202ff.),
which holds that “though Kṛṣṇa is unchanging, yet he takes birth and creates a
23
Anand, S., The Way of Love: The Bhāgavata doctrine of Bhakti (New Delhi, 1996), p.53.
24
Sathya Sai Baba (23-11-1994) S27 31:267
25
Sathya Sai Baba (4-10-1962) S2 43:248
26
Tagare (1978), Part IV, p.1344.
27
Sathyam-1(15)213
3
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body for himself”. Here, we perhaps have a more strictly philosophical interpreta-
tion of identity—in line with Sathya Sai Baba’s strong identification with (advaitic
conceptions of) the unchanging ātman, the spiritual absolute.
It is interesting to reflect in this connection upon Parrinder’s fifth characteristic
of the avatars: ‘There may be historicity in some Avatars’, for in Sathya Sai Baba’s
identity (as just described) there would seem to be little room for such considera-
tions—and, indeed, as we have seen, he tends to pay little attention to any (poten-
tially) historical details of the avatar traditions to which he refers. More generally
speaking also, it has often been said that questions of historicity were/are not
much a part of the traditional Indian consciousness, and this is certainly true in
some contexts—Hardy (1993:182) notes ‘the readiness of the Purāṇic tradition to
transform its own premises constantly and not to insist on some absolute, objective
account of the past’. However, the validity of this view as applied to “Indian con-
sciousness” as a whole is rejected by Parrinder
28
, and has been challenged espe-
cially strongly in more recent times
29
. Parrinder (1970:122) writes that:
The animal Avatars are mythical…. They are important for cosmology. The Tortoise
supported the earth, the Boar delivered it from floods, and the Fish saved man-
kind…. Krishna is a complex figure…. Yet his family and clan are named, and the
sacred sites at Mathurā and Brindāban are cherished for their many historical asso-
ciations… Rāma’s genealogy, from his father Daśaratha back to the primordial
Manu, and his city of Ayodhyā, are remembered and held as real…. Few people
doubt that Gautama Buddha …really lived on earth. The same applies even more
forcibly to other saints now commonly regarded as Avatars.
Furthermore, as we have seen, there is much in the way of traditional (and mod-
ern) proclamations on the precise number of avatars and on the manner in which
they fit into various chronological and typological schemes.
Nevertheless, as a passage I cited earlier (p.34) from Padmanaban indicates,
there is to this day some popular ambivalence in this regard—at least in spiritual
circles
30
, and the views of several of the major modern Indian avatar figures that
we have encountered exemplify this. Thus, Ramakrishna (nd:215) says:
Think not that Rama and Sita, Krishna and Radha, are mere allegories and not his-
torical personages, or that the scriptures are true only in their inner or esoteric
meaning. Nay, they were human beings of flesh and blood …but because they were
divinities, their lives can be interpreted both historically and allegorically.
28
See, e.g., Parrinder (1970:122).
29
See, especially, Narayana Rao, Shulman, Subrahmanyam (2001); Sharma (2003).
30
NB Halbfass (1988:349-350) notes this in the ideas of some modern Indian scholars too.