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What an Institutional Perspective May Offer
Apart from highlighting the role of institutions and offering a framework for the analysis of development
problems and donor support for institutional development, an institutional perspective may prove useful
for donors in a number of other ways.
Institutions unpack the context. An institutional perspective makes the hidden explicit and clear. It provides
concepts and categories for grasping much of what is often perceived as vague, tacit, behind-the-scenes
and difficult to articulate, but which many hold as important determinants of what we observe, do and
can achieve but still often fail to address. It helps us to put the informal – rules and organisations, structures
and relationships – on the table, to be observed, analysed, discussed, taken into consideration and possibly
even dealt with. Power relationships, formal as well as informal, are also openly displayed by institutions, since
relationships and distribution of power are largely defined and determined by the formal and informal
rules of the game – whether social, political or economic.
An institutional approach is truly contextual. It stresses the importance of the context – in terms of the
specific local circumstances – for the phenomena donors observe and support, and hence the importance of
analysing, understanding and taking this context into account by adjusting to, making use of or trying to
influence and change it. Institutions account for the framework within which actors operate and interact
in pursuit of their aims and which conditions much of their behaviour, and thereby help us identify those
conditions. An institutional approach stresses the
importance of incentives created by the institutional context
for the behaviour of actors. It interprets the resulting activities and performance largely (although not
exclusively) as a consequence of these contextual circumstances and the incentives they give rise to. In
other words, it attempts to understand the logic of the situation. This is the (inner) logic of why actors do
what they are actually doing, given the specific situation and larger context in which they find themselves.
It is an attempt at understanding why what they are doing makes sense to them – is rational – from their
own point of view.
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Not only the institutional context but also the way that actors perceive their own situ-
ation is important for the way they act. Since formal and informal rules embody values and beliefs which
influence actors’ perceptions, they also help us consider values and beliefs and the role they play more explic-
itly. The contextual character of the institutional approach enables a more genuine understanding of the
behaviour, activities, performance and developments we observe and why, for instance, things don’t
always turn out the way we expect.
Institutions offer a systemic approach. This implies, on the one hand, that it draws our attention to the inter-
relationships between the parts of the system – between rules and actors, but also between different rules,
such as economic, political and social rules, between rules at different levels and, not least, between
formal and informal rules. Secondly, it implies a holistic perspective, where a number of interrelated factors
of various kinds and at various levels can be considered. (It offers a broad and all-encompassing perspec-
tive, for instance, on capacity development.) The institutional approach is multidimensional. In enables the
integration and combined analysis of economic, political and social factors as well as the interaction between
them. It cuts across and links social-science disciplines. Given that donors operate in virtually all social
sectors, institutional analysis may prove useful for a broader understanding of the social systems in which
they operate.
However, since donors’ ambition is to promote institutional change and development, just understanding
institutions is not enough, we must also understand processes of change – how institutions come about
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Cf. the argument of Chabal and Daloz (1999), implying that ‘Africa Works’ – according to its own logic.
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and change over time. An institutional approach facilitates our analysis and understanding of social change,
more specifically about institutional change. In particular, it helps us to understand processes of institutional
change by unfolding that process, as discussed above. Processes of change are largely path-dependent and
thus influenced by historical developments. Institutional analysis highlights the importance of history – past
experience and the institutional and ideological heritage, social, economic and political – for actors’
behaviour, processes of institutional change and the development of societies.
Institutional analysis provides concepts, categories and other analytical tools that facilitate systematic description
and analysis of the issues discussed here. Today, many of these are perceived as unclear; there is need for
increased – or at least explicit and systematically accumulated – knowledge and improved understanding.
It also offers a potential for methodological development within Sida, which may prove useful for a broad vari-
ety of development co-operation activities, not least in the area of capacity development. Finally, it
implies a partly new perspective, and thereby comes with new potential opportunities while reducing the risk
for lock-in to old, taken-for-granted ways of thinking.