Термин
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Ўзбек тилидаги шарҳи
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Инглиз тилидаги шарҳи
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Autekologiya.
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Autekologiya-tur vakllarining yashash sharoiti, bir-birlari hamda ularni o’rab turgan atrof-muhit bilan munosabatlarini organadi, shuningdek turning turg’unligini, uning turli ekologik omillar ta’sirida moslashuvini, muhitning organizmlarning morfologik, fizioligik va xulqiy o’zgarishlariga sabab bo’lishini aniqlaydi.
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Autekologiya - round Vakla living with each other and their relations with the surrounding environment is also turning static , and various environmental factors, compatibility , environmental organisms and morphological changes in behavior and fizioligik Bo determines the arena
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Ekologik nisha.
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Ekologik joy-nisha tushunchasi ancha keng, ya’ny: makondagi nisha yoki makondagi ma’lum joylanish; trofik nisha (turlararo aloqalardagi turning joyi), ko’p gomerli yoki giper hajmli nisha. Organizm ekologik nishasida organizm qaerda yashayotganligi va uning atrof –muhitga bo’lgan umumiy talabi inobatga olinishi haqidagi tushunchalar
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Eco - nisha is quite large , that is : a place or space nisha certain areas ; trophic destination ( contacts , turlararo round ) , Homer or delivered volume there. The body of ecological slope where the living organism and its environment concerning the requirements of the environment in general
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Ekologik omillar.
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Tashqi muhit omillari. Omil tirik organizmlargato’g’ridan-to’g’rita’sir etuvchi muhitning ayrim bir tarkibiy qismidir
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External environmental factors . Factor live organizmlargato'g'ridan to'g'rita'sir some part of the environment
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Ekologik muhit.
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Ekologik muhit buzilishining sabab va oqibatlari. Ekologik omillarning tasniflanishi. Ekologik omillarning tirik organizmlarga ta'sir etishining umumiy qonuniyatlari )
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Environmental causes and consequences of the destruction of the environment . The classification of the environmental factors . General laws of the impact of environmental factors on living organisms )
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Muhitning abiotik omillari-
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organizmga ta`sir etuvchi jonsiz tabiat omillari, ular organizmning
yashash sharoitini belgilaydilar. M.a.o kimyoviy (atmosfera havosi va uning tarkibidagi gazlar aralashmasi, suv.suv osti yotqiziqlari va tuproqdagi kimyoviy birikmalar) va fizikaviy (havo va suvning harorati, bosimi, shamollar, radiatsiya va h.k.z.) omillsr guruxlariga bo`linadi. Organizmlar o`zlarining evolyutsion taraqqiyoti jarayonida bu omillarining ta`sirini o`tkazadi.
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the body is influenced by factors of inanimate nature , the organism
determine the living conditions . MA chemical ( a mixture of gases in the air and its underground suv.suv bed and soil chemical compounds ) and physical ( air and water temperature , pressure , winds , radiation , etc. ) divided by omillsr groups . Organisms held in their evolutionary development of these factors impact .
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Optimum qonuni - Pessimum
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(< lot. optimus -eng yaxshi) — muayyan bir ekologik omilning organizmga ko'rsatadigan yoqimli ta'sir kuchining chegarasi. O'sha omilning aynan shu darajadagi ta'siridan organizm o'zini yaxshi his qiladi. Uning ta'sir darajasi belgilangan chegaradan qanchalik ko'p chiqsa (kamaysa yoki ko'paysa), organizmga ta'siri shunchalik salbiy boiaboradi. Bu yerda dono xalqimizning «asal ham me'yorida asal» degan iborasini eslash o'rinli. Qar.
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( < Lot . Ordained Optimus ) - up to a certain limit the power of the environmental factors that affect the body pleasant . The same factors that same level , which makes the body feel good . The impact of the established limits of how much ( or decrease ) , the more negative the impact of the body boiaboradi . This is where the wise people of normal honey honey that is appropriate to recall the phrase . See below .
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Adaptatsiya.
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1.Organizmlarning evolyutsion rivojlanish jarayoni davomida ularning abiotik muhit omillariga moslashishi va boshqa organizmlar bilan erkin raqobat qilaolish xususiyati. Ushbu jarayonda ularda muxit omillari ta'siriga nisbatan fiziologik, morfologik va xulq-atvor moslashishlari paydo bo`ladi;
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1.Organizmlarning evolutionary adaptation an important factor in the development of their abiotic and other organisms which can not compete with free feature . In this process , in which the influence of the environment factors , physiological , morphological , and manners appear to adapt ;
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Galofitlar
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gr. hals - tuz + phytono'simlik) — kuchli sho'rlangan tuproqda o'suvchi o'simliklar.
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g . Hals - salt + phytono'simlik ) - highly saline soil for growing plants
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Galofoblar
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(< gr. hals — tuz + phobos-qo'rqish) — tuzli muhitdayashashgachidayolmaydigan organizmlar. Ularga chuchuk suvda yashovchilar (ko'pgina suvo'tlari, sodda organizmlar, zuluklar,ba'zi mollyuskalar, suv hasharotlari va chuchuk suv baliqlari) va tuproqdan makon topganlar kiradi
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( < Gr . Hals - salt + Phobos - fear ) - salt muhitdayashashgachidayolmaydigan organisms . Them living in fresh water ( a lot of algae , a simple organism , the leech , some mollusks , insects and freshwater fish ) , and the dust found space
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Geliofillar
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(gr. helios—quyosh +phileo-sevadigan)—yorug'likni sevuvchi organizmlar, quyosh-»sevarlar
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Geliofillar ( gr . Helios + Philemon who love the sun ) light emitting loving organisms , echo in the sun
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Geliofitlar.
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(gr. helios-quyosh +phyton - o'simlik) — quyosh nuri? ko'p tushadigan joylarda hayot*kechirishni xush ko'ruvchf**o'simliklar
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( Gr . Helios - sun + phyton - plant ) - the light of the sun ? a lot of the plants , and the seeing and welcome to live a life where a drop **
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Gelobiontlar organizmlar
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( < Gr . Helos living in the wetland . * + Biontos ) living --botqoqlikda
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'Gelofitlar
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( < Gr . Helos wetland + phyton - plant ) - wetlands o'sim- seek ( eg . , Sphagnum wetlands 9kiparisi )
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Gemikriptofitlar
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(ayiqtovonsimonlar, qoqi va boshq.).
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( < Gr . Hemi " semi - secret + kryptos + phyton- plant ) - a multi - year o'tchil stems of land plants in the winter, homemade , hidden in the growth buds on the surface of the earth , to to obtain protection under the snow or leaves in the cold , the plants began to grow again in the spring with the warming ( more common in middle latitudes o'tchil plants , eg . , linked - zi
ayiqtovonsimonlar , drying , et al . ) .
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Populyatsiya. POPULYATSIYA
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(yunoncha pоpulus; - guruh uyushma, хalq) — bu uzoq muddat davrida muayyan bir hududda yashaydigan yoki o’sadigan bir turga mansub individlar yig’indisidir. Populatsiya deganda bir turga oid bir-birlari bilan doimo bog’langan organizmlar yig’indisi e’tiborga olinadi
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( Greek Populus ; group of community people ) - this is a long - term period , grow or live in a certain type of the sum of the individuals . Populations at least one type of a collection of organisms that are always connected to each other are taken into account
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Populatsiyaning asosiy xususiyatlari:
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organizmlarning to’g’ridan to’g’ri ekologik moslashishi, qayta ko’payishi va turg’unligi bo’lib, populatsiyning turg’unligi uzoq vaqt nasl qoldirish qobiliyatini saqlab qolishidir
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direct adaptation of environmental organisms , growth and stability of the populations that stability for a long time to maintain generation capacity
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Populatsiya biologik xususiyatlari:
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populatsiya a’zolarining hayot sikli, o’sishga qobiliyati, farqlanishi va o’zining son sifatini ushlab tirish xususiyatlari kirib, ular populatsiyni hosil qiluchi organizmlarga taaluqlidir.
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Members of the populations life cycle , growth , differentiation , and the ability to incorporate features into the quality of their populations that applies to organisms that decision .
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Populatsiya guruhlik xususiyatlari.
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Tur vakllarinig umumiy soni; Ma’lum maydon uchun o’rtacha soni, qalinligi va makonda, massasi, tug’ilishi, o’lishi, tug’ilish va o’lisho’rtasidagi farq, o’sish tezligi
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The total number of species vakllarinig ; The average number for the area , the thickness and the mass of the space , birth , death , birth and growth rate of the difference o'lisho'rtasidagi
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Elеmеntar populyatsiya
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bu uncha katta bo’lmagan, bir xil joyda uchraydigan tur vakillarining yig’indisi
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This small , occurring in the same place the sum of representatives of tour
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Ekologik populyatsiya –
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sodda elеmеntar populyatsiyalar yig’indisidan hosil bo’ladi. Ular ma'lum biogеotsеnozda tur ichidagi guruhlardan yuzaga kеladi
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create a simple sum of the elementary populations . They can occur in the biogeotsenozda tour groups
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Gеografik populyatsiya –
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ekologik populyatsiyalarni o’z ichiga oladi va bir hil gеografik sharoitda, xududda uchraydi. Lеkin gеografik populyatsiyalar еtarli darajada bir – biridan chеgaralangan bo’lib, katta-kichikligi, ko’payishi, ekologik moslanishlari, fiziologik va xulqiy xususiyatlari bilan farq qiladi.
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ecological populations and includes the same geographical conditions of the territory . But enough geographic populations - one of the limited size , growth , environmental adaptation , physiological and behavioral characteristics are different .
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Modifikatsiya (yoki turlanuvchi) omillar.
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Hamma abiotik omillar kirib, ular populyatsiyaning soni, sifati, zichligi, tuzilishi, ozuqa rеsurlariga faol ta'sir qiladi, ularning o’zgarishiga sabab bo’ladi, ammo o’zlari o’zgarmay qoladi.
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All abiotic factors , and their population size , quality , density , structure , food resource effective to their cause , but they remain the same .
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Boshqaruvchi omillar.
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Popuyatsiya a'zolarining miqdorini o’zgartiradi, o’zgarishni tеzlashtiradi, optimal holatdan chеtlashtiradi. Bunday boshqaruvchi omillarga organizmlarning bir-birlari orasidagi biotik munosabatlar kiradi.
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The number of members of the Popuyatsiya change , change speeds , the optimal situation for dismissal . Such factors controlling the organisms in a symbiotic relationship between each other .
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Yopiq populyatsiya.
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Faqat bir-biri bilan juftlasha оladigan individlar guruhi
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Only one group of individual juftlasha
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Panmiktik populyatsiya
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Individlar juftlashishi juft tanlamasdan amalga оshadi
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Only one group of individual juftlasha
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Mеndеlcha populyatsiya
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Bir gеоgrafik arеalda tarqalgan, ko`payish va bоshqa хususiyatlari bir хil bo`lgan individlar majmui;
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Spread across a range of geographical and other features the same set of individuals , which increase ;
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Izоgеn populyatsiya.
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Gеnеtik jihatdan aynan o`хshash, ya`ni barcha lоkuslar (хrоmоsоmaning bir gеn jоylashgan chiziqli uchastkasi) bo`yicha ko`pchilik hоllarda gоmоzigоta bo`lgan individlar guruhi;
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Genetically very similar , ie all loci ( gene of chromosome linear plot ) on the majority of the cases , which gomozigota an individual or a group ;
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Muvоzanatlangan populyatsiya..
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Gеnlar chastоtasi (takrоrlanishi) mutatsiоn va sеlеksiоn tazyiqlar o`rtasidagi muvоzanatga asоslanib o`zgarib turadi va tasоdifiy juftlashish prinsipiga ko`ra juftlashishda hamda lоkuslararо erkin rеkоmbinasiyalanishda gеnоtiplarning amaldagi chastоtasi nazariy kutilgan hоlatga mоs kеladi
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Genes frequency ( frequency ) based on the balance between the mutation and the pressure seleksion changed , and according to the principle of random mating pair of lokuslararo rekombinasiyalanishda genotype corresponds to the expected theoretical frequency of the current situation
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Populatsiyaning tuzilishi.
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Populatsiya a’zolarining jins yosh bo’yicha, morfologik ko’rinishi, fiziologik jarayoni, xulqiy xolatlari, genetik xususiyatlari va xududlar bo’yicha taqsimlanishi populatsiyaning tuzilishini aks ettiradi.
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Members of the populations gender , age , the morphological appearance of the physiological process , whereby cases are genetic characteristics and reflects the structure of the regional distribution of the population .
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Populatsiyalarning yoshiga qarab tuzilishi;.
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Populatsiyaning yosh boyicha tuzilishi uning muhim belgisi bo’lib, populatsiyaning tug’ilishi va o’lishiga ta’sir qiladi.tezkor ko’payayotgan populatsiyalarning asosiy qismini yosh vakllar tashkil qiladi
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Population age structure is an important indicator of the population 's birth and death . the fastest growing part of the population of young Vakla
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Populatsiyaning jins boyicha tuzilishi;.
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populatsiya a’zolarining yosh boyicha va jins bo’yicha tarkibi doim bir-birlari bilan bog’liq bo’ladi. Populatsiya vakllarinig hayoti uning yosh bo’yicha tuzilishiga qaramdir
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Members of the populations by age and sex composition will always be connected with one another . Populations dependent on the composition of the young life of vakllarinig
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Populatsiyaning makonda tuzilishi;.
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populatsiyani hosil qiladigan tur vakllari har xil makonda turlicha tarqalish imkoniyatiga egadir. Bu bilan ular o’zlari yashaydigan joy va ozuqa bilan ta’minlanadi hamda o’sish, ko’payish va rivojlanish, nasl qoldirish uchun muhitning abiotik va biotik omillari bilan aloqada bo’ladi
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populations build up Vakla a variety of different spatial distribution . That they are provided with food and a place to live as well as growth , reproduction and development , reproductive environment will be in touch with the abiotic and biotic factors
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Populatsiyaning etiologik tuzilishi-
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uning a’zolari ortasidagi qonuniy aloqalar bo’lib, uning asosida hayvonlar xulqlarini o’rganadigan ish yotadi.
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legal relations between its members , which lies at the basis of animal studies the moral .
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Biotsenoz.
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Tabiyatda har xil turlar populatsiyalari birlashib, yuqori tuzilish va xususiyatlarga ega bo’lgan biologik birliklar yoki biotzenozlarni hosil qiladi. Biotsenozlar-bu o’simlik, hayvon va mikroorganizmlar populatsiylari guruhidan iborat bo’lib, ma’lum joyda birlikda yashashga moslashgan biologik birlikdir.
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Together different populations of different nature , structure and properties of biological units or biotzenozlarni . Biocenose this plant , animal and microorganism populations adapted to the group , is in a certain place to live in harmony biological units .
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Fitosenoz
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o'simliklar guruhlari
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groups of plants
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Zootsenoz
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hayvonlar guruhlari
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groups of animals
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Mikrosenoz
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mikroorganizmlar guruhlari
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groups of microorganisms
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Trofik aloqalar.
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Biosenozdagi bir turning ikkinchi tur bilan, uning tirik vakillari yoki o'lik qoldiqlari, mah-sulotlari bilan oziqlanish jarayonidan kelib chiqadi. Masalan, ninachilarning hasharotlar bilan oziqlanishi, qo'ng'izlarning molok go'ng arilar changi, yo'lbarslar turli o'ljalar, ularning qoldiqlari bilan oziqlanishi misol bo'ladi
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Biosenoz a match in the second round , he 's alive or dead remains , mah - ented feeding process . For example , feeding the dragonflies, insects , beetles rubble of the fertilizing pollen bees , tigers will be fed with the remains of their booty example
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Forik munosabatlar.
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Biosenozdagi bir tur ikkinchi turning tarqalishiga yordam beradi. Bu holatda tashuvchi vazifasini ko'pchilik hayvonlar o'taydi (zooxoriya); hayvonlar juni, tanasiga o'simlik urug'lari ilinib, yopishib bir joydan ikkinchi joyga tushadi
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Biosenoz spread in a second round match . In this case , the function of many animals , and ( zooxoriya ) ; animal hair , stick caught in the flesh and seeds of the plant falls one place to second place
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Fabrik munosabatlarda.
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Biosenoz ichidagi bir tur o'zining yashash joyi uchun ikkinchi tur qoldig'i, o'lik yoki tirik qismlaridan foydalanadi. Masalan, qushlar uya qurish uchun o'simlik bargi, poyasi, butalar shoxi, boshqa qushlar patlari, hayvonlar junlari, paxta va lattalardan ham foydalanadi. Daryolardagi toshlar ustida uchraydigan qurtlar loyqa, o'simliklar shoxi, poyasi, bargidan foydalanadi.
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Biosenoz balance in the second round for a tour of his place of residence , dead or alive . For example , birds build nests of plant leaves , straw , shrubs and other birds , horns, feathers , wool , cotton and cloth . Fuzzy worms found on stones in rivers , plants , horns , straw , leaves
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Fiziologik optimum.
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Bu biotsenoz ichidagi turning o'sish, ko'payish va rivojlanishi uchun hamma abiotik omillarning qulay bo'lishidir.
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This biotsenoz species in the growth , reproduction and favorable for the development of abiotic factors .
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Sinekologik optimum.
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Bu biotsenoz ichidagi biotik aloqalar bo'lib, shu yerdagi tur boshqa turlar ta'siri (raqobati, yirtqichlar, parazitlar)dan holi sharoit turning yaxshi rivojlanishiga imkon beradi.
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Biotsenoz in symbiotic relationships , the effect of this species and other species on earth ( competition , predators , parasites ) are free environment allows for the development of the species .
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Neytraliim — (0:0)
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Bunda ikki populatsiyadagi asatsiatsiyalarda o'zaro ta’sir sezilmaydi, ikki populatsiya individlari ham deyarlik bir xilday yashaydi.
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At the same time , the two populations seen asatsiatsiyalarda interaction of individual populations are almost the same .
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Konkurensiya (raqobatlilik)..
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Bunda ikki populatsiyalar bir- birlariga to’sqinlik qiladilar. Ya’ni bir poplatsiya ikkinchi populatsiya bilan defitsit (yetishmaydigan) resurslarni o'zlashtirishda kurashadilar
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At the same time , the two populations that hinder each other . Poplatsiya deficit in the second populations ( missing ) struggle resources development
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Amensalizjm
(-.0).
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Bunda bir populatsiya o'ziga zarar keltirmasdan ikkinchi populatsiyaning yashashiga to'sqinlik qiladi yoki uni o'sishga qo‘ymaydi. Amensalizmga tipik misol qilib antibiotik zamburugMar — akti- nomitsetlar yoki o'simlik fitonsidlarining parazit mikroorganizmlarga ko'rsatgan ta’sirini olish mumkin
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At the same time , populations live in self - harm populations hinder or prevent its growth . Amensalizmga typical example of antibiotic zamburugMar akti- nomitsetlar or plant can influence fitonsidlarining parasitic microorganisms
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Parazitizm va yiritqichlik
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(+,-) Bunda bir populatsiya ikkinchi populatsiyaga hujum qilib uning yashashishga zarar keltiradi, biroq o‘zining kelgusidagi hayoti ham o‘ljasiga bevosita bog'liqdir
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( + , - ) At the same time , a second populations lived populations that attacked his loss , but are directly related to the life of his future victims
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Kommensaliztik
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(+,0) Bunda bir populatsiya ikkinchi populatsiya bilan birlashganda foyda ko'radi, bu birlashish ikkinchi populatsiya uchun esa ahamiyatsiz yoki uning uchun bcfarq bo'ladi
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( + 0 ) At the same time , a second populations will benefit from the combined populations of this merger in the second insignificant for the populations or bcfarq
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Mutualizm (+,+)..
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Birlashgan ikki populatsiya ham faqat foyda ko'radi, bu birlashish ular uchun fovdalidir, bunday birlashgan organizmlar tabiiy sharoitda biri ikkinchisiz hayot kechira oimaydi
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United only two populations will benefit from this merger , they fovdalidir one of these natural conditions associated organisms life oimaydi
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Biosfera
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Biosfera- tirik organizmlar yashaydigan va ularning ta’sirida tinmay o‘zgaradigan yer shari qobig‘ining bir qismidir. YErdagi hamma biogeotsenozlarning yig‘indisi umumiy ekologik sistema – biosferani hosil qiladi.
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Biosfera- the influence of living organisms and their constantly changing part of the crust of the globe . The total sum of all biogeotsenozlarning ecological system of the Earth biosphere .
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Gaz almashinish funksiyasi.
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fotosintez va nafas olish jarayonlariga bog‘liq. Avtotrof organizmlarning organik moddalarni sintezlash jarayonida qadimgi atmosfera tarkibidagi korbonat angidrid ko‘p miqdorda sarflanadi
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the processes of photosynthesis and respiration . Avtotrof organisms in the process of synthesis of organic substances contained in the atmosphere of the old spent a lot of korbonat dioxide .
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Konsentratsiyalash funksiyasi
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tirik organizmlar tomonidan atrof-muxitda tarkqalgan kimyoviy elementlarning to‘planishidir. O‘simliklar fotosintez jarayonida kimyoviy elementlarni tuproqda, kaliy, fosfor, azot, vodorod va boshqalarni, havodan uglerod olib xo‘jayraning organik moddalari tarkibiga kiritadi
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iving organisms by surrounding environment tarkqalgan of chemical elements in the collection . Chemical elements in the soil in the process of photosynthesis of plants , potassium , phosphorus , nitrogen , hydrogen , and others , from the air into the carbon structure of the organic substance in the cells
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Oksidlanish–qaytarilish funksiyasi
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o‘zgaruvchan valentlikka ega bo‘lgan kimyoviy elementlarning temir, oltingurgut, marganets, azot va boshqalarni aylanishini taominlaydi.
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Valentine's changing the chemical elements iron , oltingurgut , manganese , nitrogen and other food circulation
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Biokimyoviy funksiyalar
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tirik organizmlarning xayot faoliyati davomida va ularning o‘limidan keyin biokimyoviy jarayonlarni taominlaydi. Biokimyoviy funksiya organizmlarning oziqlanishi, nafas olishi, ko‘payishi, o‘lgan organizmlarning parchalanishi, chirishi bilan bog‘liqdir
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After the death of the life activity of living organisms and their biochemical processes food . Biochemical function organisms feeding , breathing , growth , decay of dead organisms , and is connected with the decay of
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Biogen migratsiyasi.
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Kimyoviy elementlar doimiy ravishda bir organizmdan ikkinchisiga tuproqdan, atmosferadan, gidrosferadan tirik organizmlarga, ulardan esa yana atrof-muhitga o‘tib, biosferaning jonsiz moddalari tarkibini to‘ldiradi
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Chemical elements on a regular basis one body to another , the earth , the atmosphere , gidrosferadan living organisms , the environment , the biosphere fill the structure of inanimate substances
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Avtotrof organizmlar.
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Quyosh energiyasini yutib anorganik moddalardan organik moddalarning birlamchi o‘simlik moddalarini hosil qiladi.
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Solar energy won inorganic substances , organic substances in the original plant material .
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Produtsentlar –.
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o‘lik moddalardan tirik moddalarni hosil qiluvchilar. Bular, asosan fotosintezlovchi murakkab va tuban yashil o‘simliklardir
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those living dead substances substances . These are mostly complex and low green plants photosynthesis
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Konsumetlar
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yoki istehmol qiluvchilar. Produtsentlar hosil qilgan organik moddalarni istehmol qiladi. Ularga hayvonlar, parazit o‘simlmk va mikroorganizmlar kiradi
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or those who istehmol . Produtsentlar that the organic substances istehmol . Their animals , parasites , plants and microorganisms
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Redutsentlar
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organik moddalarni minerallashtiruvchilar, avvalgi holatiga qaytaruvchilar. Ularga bakteriyalar, zamburug‘lar, saprofit usimliklar kiradi. Ifodali kilib aytganda xayot estafetasini yashil o‘simliklar boshlab hayvonlarga uzatadi, uni bakteriyalar marraga olib boradi, yana qaytadan yashil o‘simliklarga uzatadi. YAngi halqa boshlanib bu estafeta tinmasdan davom etaveradi.
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minerallashtiruvchilar organic substances , and forbid their previous state . Bacteria , fungi , saprophytic plants . Expressive terms , the green baton of life leads to the finish line it goes to the other animals , plants , bacteria , and re - transmits the green plants . New ring that continues to relay intense .
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Biogenez bosqichi.
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Yerda biosfera birinchi tirik organizmlar bilan bir vaqtda paydo bo‘ldi. SHu vaqdan boshlab tirik organizmlar evolyusiyasi bilan birga biosfera ham o‘zgara boradi. Birinchi paydo bo‘lgan tirik organizmlar bir hujayrali geterotrof, anaeroblar edi.
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Here, the first living organisms appeared at the same time as the biosphere . Vaqdan with other living organisms evolyusiyasi biosphere is changing . The first one-celled living organisms geterotrof anaerobes .
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