38
Nuray Gümüştekin
Image 14.
El Greco, Penitent Magdalen, 1605-10, Oil on canvas, 118 x 105 cm El
Greco (1541 - April 7, 1614) was a painter, sculptor, and architect of the Spanish
Renaissance. During his stay in Italy, El Greco enriched his style with elements of Mannerism
and of the Venetian Renaissance.
The Renaissance and the Baroque, subsequent to Manierism, are the periods that sense
of art has been in the ascendant. In the history of humanity, subjectivity starts with the
Renaissance, and the Baroque is a new phase in developing it. In contrast to the Renaissance’s
rational people considering themselves as the focal of the universe, the Baroque’s regards
themselves as an unparalleled, unique part of the universe.
Image 15. Caravaggio (Milan, 28 September 1571 - Porto Ercole, 18 July 1610) Supper at
Emmaus, 1601 Oil on canvas, 141 x 196 cm. Caravaggio was an Italian artist active in Rome,
Naples, Malta and Sicily between 1593 and 1610. He is commonly placed in the Baroque
school, of which he is considered the first great representative.
By beginning of 18th century, when the cultural relations with Europe have increased
and the period we call as ‘Westernization’ has begun, the Ottoman art proceeded on a balance
built between the tradional and the new … It has been given opportunities in every area to art.
(
İrepoğlu, 2006, 237)
The miniature remaining unchanged during the seventeenth century has had its last
shining time with the Tulip era in the early eighteenth century, and come to the close through
the end of the century when the Ottoman painting has been impressed by the Western
influences. In the Tulip era, the political and economic relations with the West have
improved. At the same time, the Westerns have become interested in the East. So, the world
of Islam has played a crucial role in getting known the ancient culture by the West.
All in all, what we conceive of ‘art’ today is utterly the artwork ‘having aesthetic
concerns’; those dated before the 18th century, however, are simply ‘visual texts’. (Turan,
2006, 175)
6. The Nineteenth Century
French Revolution as a sign of collapsing the older traditions and of initiating a brand new era
in art also allowed changes and developments. In contrast to the Rococo philosophy, such
Image
16.
Abdulcelil
Levni or Abdulcelil
Çelebi (died 1732) was
an Ottoman court painter and miniaturist. Procession of the guilds. Shown are
the bakers with an oven, bread, and in the lower part farmers with wheat.
Ottoman
miniature painting, from theSurname- Vehbi.
39
West and The Ottoman Period
Comparative Description
pieces of art that reflected the spirit of the revolution and devoted to the French Republic have
been produced. Classical traditions of the ancient period were adopted.
An art environment being directed by the art movements such as Neoclassicism,
Romanticism, Realism, Impressionism, Post-Impressionism that emerged in the West by the
century and included the twentieth century as well has been appeared.
When considered the Ottoman from the beginning of the nineteenth century, especially
from the Tanzimat Reform, a number of rapid or slow changes called as reform or revolution
have occured in the cultural nature. “When our art revealed itself to the West, Europe had
already embraced the nature and even begun to have done with understanding the visible in
art…Our painters of later the Tanzimat Reform who revealed themselves to Europe and the
nature have started with admiring the nature where Europe had started from.” (Eyüboğlu,
İpşiroğlu, 2013 p. 12.) “All in all, when we spreaded to Europe and the nature, Europe had
already begun to recede from its own naturalistic understanding and desire the
art of the world
we abandoned.”
(Eyüboğlu, İpşiroğlu, 2013 p. 13.)
Image 17. Jacques Louis David (August 30, 1748 - December 29, 1825) was a
highly
influential French painter in the Neoclassical style. The Death of Marat (1793)
Image 18.
Francisco de Goya (30 March 1746 – 16 April 1828) was a
Spanish romantic painter and printmaker.The 3rd of May 1808 in Madrid or
“The Executions” 1814. Oil on canvas, 268 x 347 cm.
Image 19. Gustave Courbet (10 June 1819 – 31 December 1877) was a
French painter who led the Realist movement in 19th-century French
painting. Viev of Ornans, 1850s, Oil on canvas,73 x 92.1 cm.
Image 20. Claude Monet (14 November 1840 – 5 December 1926) was a
founder of French Impressionist painting.
“
Impression, Soleil levant”
1872,
oil on canvas, 48 × 63 cm.
Image 21. Paul Cézanne (19 January 1839 – 22 October 1906) was
French artist and
Post Impressionist
painter. Mont Sainte-Victoire and
the Viaduct of the Arc RiverValley, 1882–85, Oil on canvas, 73 cm
x 92 cm.
Image 22. Osman Hamdi Bey (30 December 1842 – 24 February 1910) was
an
Ottoman
administrator, intellectual, art expert and also a prominent
and pioneering
painter
.
Turtle Trainer,
1906, Oil on canvas, 221.5 x 120 cm.
Image 23. Ahmet Ali (Seker Ahmet Pasa) (1841-1907) Self Portrait of Seker
Ahmet Pasa,
Oil on canvas, 118 x 85 cm.