Plate 37.
The Austrian town of Lienz, now part of the Greater German Reich, changes the name of one
of its major squares to ‘Adolf-Hitler-Platz’ (as did many other places in Germany and Austria).
Hitler did not have quite such an easy time in relation to Czechoslovakia.
Unrest in connection with the sizeable ethnic German population, particularly in
the Sudeten border areas, had been fomented by a right-wing party under
Heinlein with support from Germany. In the course of the summer of 1938, a
crisis developed – partly due to inaccurate reports of German mobilisation on the
Czech border, which led to real Czech mobilisation. After a week of mounting
tension, the situation was defused; but discussions were sharpened, with British
Prime Minister Chamberlain playing a key role in negotiations. When, finally, at
the end of the Munich Conference of September 1938 – at which
Czechoslovakia was not represented – certain border areas were ceded mainly to
Germany, Chamberlain made his famous return to Britain waving a piece of
paper signed by Hitler and proclaiming that it meant ‘peace in our time’.
Chamberlain’s so-called ‘appeasement policy’ has come in for considerable
subsequent criticism as well as the defence that it helped to buy Britain time for
effective rearmament. Hitler himself at the time was bitterly disappointed at his
bloodless success, feeling cheated of a potentially successful war. The German
people, by contrast, were relieved that the threat of war had been averted, and
Hitler’s domestic popularity rose accordingly. Czechoslovakia, meanwhile, had
lost its effective lines of defence. When in March 1939 Hitler decided to invade
what was left of Czechoslovakia, his troops were able to march into Prague with
minimal opposition. Bohemia and Moravia were turned into a ‘Protectorate’, and
Slovakia effectively became a satellite state of the German Reich. The western
powers let this ‘far-away country’ of which they knew little, and for which they
cared less, fall with no gesture of help.
On Poland, Hitler faced more serious intransigence on the part of the western
powers. Memel was ceded by the Lithuanians, but the Poles refused to give way
on Danzig and on 31 March the British guaranteed Polish independence. Despite
this setback, Hitler had by now formed the impression that Britain was
essentially weak and vacillating, and would not stand by its guarantee. On 23
August 1939 Hitler, in a surprise move, made the notorious pact with Stalin’s
Russia which had for so long been the ideological arch-enemy of the Nazis. The
Nazi–Soviet pact was purely strategic for both Hitler and Stalin: both had an
interest in carving up Poland, and while Stalin needed time for rearmament,
Hitler was concerned to prevent a potential British alliance with the USSR and
to be able to concentrate his attention on defeating the west without having a war
on two fronts. On 1 September 1939 German troops invaded Poland. On 3
September Britain and France, honouring their pledge to Poland, declared war
on Germany. The second major war of the twentieth century unleashed by
Germany had begun. The German people on the whole embarked on it with
foreboding, and little of the enthusiasm with which considerable numbers had
greeted the outbreak of war in 1914.
Map 10.
Territorial annexations by Nazi Germany, 1935–9
The Polish campaign raised false hopes that the war would be over soon. In a
lightning campaign (
Blitzkrieg
) Poland was defeated in less than three weeks.
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