Lebensraum
for the German
race; and to rid that race of what he saw as a pollutant, a bacterium, poisoning
and infecting the healthy ‘Aryan’ stock: the Jews. Slowly, during the period after
1933, Jews had been identified, stigmatised, and excluded from the ‘national
community’, the
Volksgemeinschaft.
Measures had been adopted to give Jews an
outcaste status, and many Jews, realising they had little future in Germany, had
already fled for more welcoming shores. While there had been acts of violence
and discrimination against Jews, there had however been no systematic policy
for totally ridding Germany of the Jewish population. In war-time, things
changed. For one thing, with the conquest of territories in which there were far
larger Jewish communities (particularly in the east), the ‘Jewish problem’
assumed new proportions. For another, more extreme circumstances suggested
and promoted more radical solutions. Hitler let it be known that he wanted the
expanded Reich to be ‘cleansed of Jews’ (
Judenrein
). Initially, schemes were
actively considered for the mass deportation of Jews to a reservation in
Madagascar, and Jews were even sent to southern France in preparation for
shipment. In eastern Europe, there were plans for a Jewish reservation in the area
around Lublin in south-eastern Poland. After the invasion of Russia in the
summer of 1941, the ‘final solution’ became altogether more sinister.
No written Hitler-order for the extermination of the Jews has ever been
found; nor, given Hitler’s style of government, is such an order likely ever to
have existed. But he let his wishes be known and fostered a climate in which the
policy of extermination could be effected. There is some disagreement among
historians as to whether the extermination programme which actually took place
was the direct consequence of a pre-determined plan, or whether it developed in
a more ad hoc, haphazard manner as a result of local initiatives which were later
co-ordinated. Whatever the interpretation, the broad outline of facts is clear. The
first mass killings of Jews were undertaken by specialist so-called
Einsatzgruppen
who arrived in Russia in the wake of the invading German
troops. Jews were rounded up and taken out to forests where they dug mass
graves, were lined up naked, and were then shot into the graves. This technique
had serious disadvantages from the Nazi point of view: killings were relatively
public and easily witnessed by passersby, allowing the news to filter back to
Germany; and those doing the shooting – which included shooting young
women cuddling babies in their arms – often, despite the SS suppression of
human emotions and inculcation of obedience and brutality, found themselves
physically incapable of undertaking such cold-blooded murder without first
imbibing copious quantities of vodka. Meanwhile, in the ghettoes in Poland,
overcrowding and disease were becoming ever more serious, as more and more
Jews were transported from occupied territories. From the point of view of those
in charge of the Warsaw and Lodz ghettoes, some means would have to be found
sooner rather than later of dealing with the increasing numbers of Jews, whether
by halting the influx or disposing of those already there. The means chosen was
death: immediate death by inhalation of gas, rather than shooting. Jews from the
Lodz Ghetto were rounded up, from December 1941, and driven out to Chelmno
(Kulmhof), about forty miles north-west of Lodz, where they were driven around
in vans which had the exhaust pipes redirected to pump the exhaust fumes back
inside the body of the vehicle. When the screams of those packed inside had died
down, the drivers stopped and the bodies were dumped in mass graves in the
forest. This too, however, proved to be a relatively ‘inefficient’ means of killing:
it could – and did – kill tens of thousands, but could not dispose of millions.
In January 1942, a conference was called at Wannsee, in the beautiful
lakeland surroundings on the west of Berlin, to co-ordinate the ‘final solution’
which was already taking place, under the general direction of SS-leader
Heinrich Himmler. In Poland, specially designed extermination camps were
opened at Belzec, Sobibor and Treblinka. Under the so-called ‘Reinhard Action’
(named after Reinhard Heydrich, who was assassinated in Prague in May 1942),
these camps effected the liquidation of the vast majority of Polish Jews. They
made use of the expertise and personnel of the now-terminated ‘euthanasia’
programme. The most infamous of the camps, the name of which has come to
epitomise evil and suffering, was however not tucked away out of sight in
eastern Poland, but was in fact within the borders of the greater German Reich:
Auschwitz. Auschwitz (Oswiecim) was a major industrial centre on the main
west–east railway line in Upper Silesia. The Auschwitz complex spread over
several square kilometres, in and around the town, straddling both sides of the
main railway line (with an extra side-line built specifically to allow trains to go
directly into the extermination centre at Birkenau). Auschwitz I, an already
existing prison and labour camp largely for political prisoners, was the scene of
horrific ‘medical’ experiments under Josef Mengele; it was also the place where
the use of Zyklon B gas was first tried. Auschwitz II, or Auschwitz-Birkenau,
was established a few kilometres away, as a specifically designed factory for
mass murder. Whole train-loads could be ‘processed’, the trains cleaned and
readied for their empty return to the west, within three or four hours. When all
the gas chambers and crematoria at Auschwitz-Birkenau were in full operation,
it was possible to kill up to 9,000 people within twenty-four hours. Also in the
town of Auschwitz was the Monowitz camp, whose inmates worked for I. G.
Farben’s new Buna plant at Dwory. The Auschwitz complex also supplied labour
for a number of other German firms such as Krupp, Borsig and Siemens. This
was no isolated, hidden concentration camp, but rather a vast enterprise of which
large numbers of Poles and Germans were perfectly well aware. Complicity in
the functioning of the Third Reich extends far beyond a small band of Nazi thugs
and criminals.
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