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on Adorno’s concept of a redeemed mankind. It focuses on the vulnerable
body, and its self-declared intention of overthrowing the existing world is
both radical and radically gentle, a change to “the slightest degree”. Following
such details in wording may serve to demonstrate the intellectual connections
between the so-called German Jewish Intellectuals without playing down their
well documented conflicts (e. g.,
between Adorno, Kracauer, and Buber).
Empty Symbols and Mediated Immediacy. Adorno’s reception of reli-
gious topics shows a double intention: Critique of their ideological function
and adoption of a certain content that might be valid within a materialist cri-
tique of society. As far as Kabbalah is concerned, nothing illustrates this better
than the first letter from the correspondence between Adorno and Scholem
(1939). Shortly after the two had met in New York in 1938, Adorno received
Scholem’s translation of a chapter from the book
Zohar. In Scholem’s view,
the meaning of this text is symbolic: The words have a hidden meaning, the
images may even be meant as God’s inner motifs. For the materialist Adorno,
this argument does not hold water, because there is no “ground” in the coded
symbolic reality: At the ground of intentions and meanings there must be an
object that is not itself purely intentional, for otherwise we would be left with
an infinite regress from symbol to symbol, not allowing any insight. This mis-
sing object is nature; in other words, symbolical thinking fails to remember the
material structure of objects and society’s historical constitution. Therefore,
in Adorno’s eyes, symbolism can be revealed to be an ideological product of
a society which has become a “second nature” for itself. At the same time,
Adorno is surprised to recognize gnostic and neoplatonic motifs in the kab-
balistic texts (an idea that has been questioned by more recent research). This
discovery is the basis for a counterargument, according to which the
Zohar
seemed to reflect its own historical contexts and to show its “nucleus in time”
(“Zeitkern”). Because of this, Adorno continues, the mystical visions cannot
be a sort of ‘primal experience’, they show no anthropological constant, but
are able to acknowledge their own historical state of mind: the mystical imme-
diacy is itself a mediated one. Adorno was strongly opposed to any concept
of metahistorical thinking (because no thought can be separated from the
time that produced it). But from now on, he interpreted Jewish Mysticism
as an attempt at “mediated immediacy”, the possibility of thinking beyond