Concerns in Europe: January - June 2001
53
Amnesty International September 2001
AI Index: EUR 01/003/2001
The fighting between the NLA and the Macedonian
security forces led to a flow of refugees and internally
displaced persons, who fled in fear of human rights
violations. Exact numbers were extremely difficult to
quantify because people moved away for short periods
and returned when the fighting diminished, but
UNHCR estimated at the end of June that about
100,000 people had been displaced, with 65,000
refugees fleeing to Kosovo, 6,000 to Serbia and
32,000 persons who were internally displaced. The
majority of the refugees were women and children.
Men often accompanied their families to Kosovo, but
returned to protect their homes.
AI has concerns about the treatment of refugees
by the Macedonian border authorities. UNHCR
spokesman Kris Janowski, on 12 June said the
Macedonian border authorities had on occasions
arbitrarily prevented people from crossing the border
into Kosovo. According to the findings of their field
teams, on some days the Macedonian border police
would refuse to allow persons without documents to
leave the country. Sometimes women, children and
boys under 16 were allowed to cross the border even
without documents, whereas men without documents
were held back. At other times, all refugees were able
to leave the country, regardless of whether they had a
passport, and it was reported that people who had no
travel documents were allowed to leave after paying a
sum of money to border guards.
A return agreement which was signed by UNHCR
and the Macedonian government in April was meant
to facilitate the return of people without proper
documents. After initial positive results, however,
more and more returnees without documents were
reported in the media to have been refused entry to
Macedonia.
Civilians in areas of hostility
Fighting between the state security forces and the
NLA spread across many villages. Many of the
civilian population left, but International Committee
of the Red Cross (ICRC) reports indicated that large
numbers of civilians remained inside the villages,
often living in unsanitary conditions in basements
with little or no access to medical care, food and water.
AI is concerned by Macedonian government
statements that the NLA used civilians as human
shields, and also by reports that Albanian civilians
remained in conflict zones due to poor evacuation
arrangements which required them to leave the
villages and travel towards the state security forces.
Human Rights Watch reported in May that male
civilians who left NLA held villages were frequently
separated from the women and children, accused of
being NLA sympathisers and beaten in order to extract
information about the NLA from them.
Freedom of expression
During the period under review there were a number
of reports of police harassment and ill-treatment of
journalists, possibly because they were suspected of
contradicting the Macedonian government version of
events. According to reports, a Romanian journalist
for the AFP agency and his Kosovo Albanian
interpreter were arrested in Skopje on 9 June. The
interpreter was allegedly handcuffed to a table
overnight in a police station, had a bag placed over his
head and was repeatedly slapped. Veton Latifi, an
ethnic Albanian journalist, was detained by the police
at a checkpoint between Skopje and Kumanovo on the
same day. He was taken to a police station in Skopje,
and also reportedly threatened and verbally abused.
Some of his computer discs were confiscated by the
police. Veton Latifi was not informed about the
reasons for his detention, and released after about two
hours. Police are also said to have searched the homes
of journalists of the Albanian language newspaper
Fakti in Skopje in May. In March the Macedonian
State Security banned the distribution of the
international edition of the Albanian-language
newspaper Fakti and independent stations carrying
BBC and CNN reports were blacked out.
On 30 April, Ljupco Jakimovski, who heads
MTV, the state-run television, announced that he had
“suspended” the evening Albanian-language news
program because he was “unable to control the
program...that has incited ethnic intolerance and
encouraged Albanian militant extremists since the
crisis began.” Critics of the suspension argued that it
was a response to a broadcast which, ignoring the
virtual news blackout in Macedonia - promoted as
being in the interests of national security - reported on
the fighting around Tetovo. The suspension and the
laying off of a broadcaster involved in the programme
resulted in other staff of the Albanian section of MTV
taking industrial action. For short periods of time
during June the broadcasting of evening Albanian
language news on MTV was also interrupted due to
‘disputes over editorial control’.
Conscientious Objectors
The Macedonian law on military service does not
provide for a civilian alternative to compulsory
military service. In March, reservists of the army were
mobilized, and during the period under review the
Macedonian government twice announced its
intention to declare a state of war, and to order a
general mobilization. The organization was concerned
that should such a mobilisation occur, as well as those
objecting to military service for reasons of conscience,
many ethnic Albanians liable to conscription would
seek to evade military service. On both occasions,
mobilization was prevented by international pressure.
Concerns that the NLA would implement an
enforced enrollment policy similar to that employed
by the KLA in Kosovo - where it has been reported
that conscripts were shot for refusing to join the KLA
or for desertion - were heightened by reports that
many senior NLA figures were veterans of the Kosovo
conflict. Some allegations have been reported, but AI
has not been able to confirm their veracity.